this study will be conducted to Investigate the relationship between primary dysmenorrhea and biomechanical characteristics of lumbo-pelvic region among female university students
Female university students aged 18-24 years
Body Mass Index (BMI) between 18.5 and 24.9 kg/m²
Regular menstrual cycle (28-35 days) for at least the past six months
Willingness to avoid analgesics 72 hours prior to testing
History of pelvic or gynecological disorders
Previous spinal, abdominal, or lower limb surgery
Neurological disorders
Structural spinal deformities (e.g., moderate to severe scoliosis)
128 female university students aged 18-24 years with a Body Mass Index (BMI) between 18.5 and 24.9 kg/m² will participate in this study. The female will be allocated to groups depending on the level of NRS, more than 4 will be in the dysmenorrhea group, and less than 3 will be in the non-dysmenorrhea group.
Other
Cross-sectional
Females with primary dysmenorrhea
Other interventionFemale university students aged 18-24 years, Body Mass Index (BMI) between 18.5 and 24.9 kg/m² with primary dysmenorrhea (NRS \> 4).
Females without dysmenorrhea
Other interventionFemale university students aged 18-24 years, with a Body Mass Index (BMI) between 18.5 and 24.9 kg/m² without dysmenorrhea (NRS less 3).
life disability
The WaLIDD score (Working ability, Location, Intensity, and Days of pain) is a clinical questionnaire used to evaluate the severity of dysmenorrhea (painful menstruation) and to predict the likelihood of a person needing medical leave. It evaluates the condition using four criteria, each scored from 0 to 3, yielding a total possible score ranging from 0 to 12 points.Low/Mild Score (0 to 4 points): Indicates no dysmenorrhea.Moderate Score (5 to 7 points): Indicates moderate dysmenorrhea.High Score (8 to 12 points): Indicates severe dysmenorrhea.
pain intensity
Pain intensity will be assessed using the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS), where participants rate their pain from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst imaginable pain)
pelvic tilt angle
Pelvic tilt angle will be measured using a digital pelvic inclinometer by assessing the angle between the ASIS and PSIS landmarks in a standing position
muscle activity
The pressure biofeedback unit will be used to assess muscle activity.Subjects were asked to stand upright with pelvis and spine in neutral position and wear a lumbar support belt firmly around the abdomen. The anterior superior iliac spines (ASIS) of both sides were palpated and marked. The pressure bag was placed underneath the lumbar support one inch above the ASIS over the transversus abdominis muscle and PBU at was pumped to 70 mmHg. The participants were instructed to correctly perform abdominal drawing as much as possible and hold it for 5 seconds. For each participant 3 readings were taken, and the average of these readings was recorded.
oscillatory frequency
The MyotonPro (Myoton AS Tallinn, Estonia) device will be used to assess oscillation frequency. it introduces an innovative and non-invasive approach for comprehensively characterizing the biomechanical and viscoelastic properties of muscles.The device is applied under constant preload (0.18 N) to pre-compress subcutaneous tissues, and it exerts a brief (15 milliseconds) mechanical tap at a pre-determined force (0.4 Newtons), followed by quick release, causing damped oscillations that are recorded by the testing probe. This device is portable, inexpensive, easy to use, and convenient for re-cording the biomechanical and viscoelastic stiffness of myofascial tissues relatively quickly.A higher oscillation frequency indicates higher muscle tone, while increased stiffness reflects greater resistance to force application.
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