Exercise training is a cornerstone in the prevention and rehabilitation of cardiovascular disease. While research has primarily focused on endurance training, resistance training becomes more and more important. The gold standard to prescribe resistance training intensity or monitor longitudinal changes is the 1-Repetition-Maximum (1-RM) test. However, particularly for unexperienced individuals, this test may not be recommendable due to the high load and an increased risk of injuries. Alternatively, there are several published formulas to estimate the 1-RM based on a multiple-repetition-maximum (or repetition-to-failure) test. However, these formulas have been primarily tested in healthy individuals. Moreover, the reliability of the 1-RM estimation based on two tests with different submaximal weight is unknown. Therefore, the present study evaluates the agreement of the 1-RM estimation (based on different formulas) between two Multiple-RM tests with different weight in 50 patients with cardiovascular disease (heart failure, coronary heart disease, atrial fibrillation) or cardiovascular risk factors (type 2 diabetes, arterial hypertension).
Age ≥ 50 years
Heart failure
Coronary heart disease
Atrial fibrillation
Pregnancy
Acute infection
Chronic joint inflammation
Knee, hip, ankle, wrist, elbow or shoulder pain
Patients who visit the outpatient clinic for Preventive Sports Medicine and Sports Cardiology at the TUM University Hospital, Munich, Germany
Case-only
Cross-sectional
Not listed
Estimated 1-Repetition-Maximum
The estimated 1-Repetition-Maximums based on two Multiple-Repetition-Maximum tests with different weight will be compared using Bland-Altman plots. Acceptable Limits of Agreement are defined as +/- 10%. The comparisons will be performed using different published formulas to evaluate, which formula(s) may be recommended in patients with cardiovascular disease / risk factors. The study will be performed on the following resistance training machines: leg press and chest press
Number of repetitions required to perform a valid Multiple-Repetition-Maximum test
The Multiple-Repetition-Maximum test is considered valid if muscular failure occurs after completion of 2-10 repetitions. This is based on the evidence that (most) published formulas become less precise if \>10 repetitions can be performed.
Adverse Events
any adverse events that occur in relation to the Multiple-Repetition-Maximum Tests will be documented
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