This randomized controlled trial investigates the effect of Pursed Lip Breathing (PLB) on anxiety levels and physiological parameters in patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) following bronchoscopy. While PLB is known to improve oxygenation and ventilation in pulmonary rehabilitation, its specific impact on the immediate recovery period after bronchoscopy is understudied. The study aims to determine if nurse-led PLB intervention significantly improves heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen saturation, and reduces anxiety compared to standard care.
Patients diagnosed with COPD
Patients undergoing elective bronchoscopy under sedation
Patients aged 18 - 80 years
Patients who are fully oriented, conscious, and able to communicate
Patients undergoing emergency bronchoscopy
Patients with hemodynamic instability prior to the procedure (systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg or >180 mmHg)
Patients with severe hearing or cognitive impairment
Parallel
Pursed-Lip Breathing exercise and Routine Care
Other interventionPursed-Lip Breathing exercise will be done. Following a conscious inhalation through the nose, it involves exhaling slowly and in a controlled manner through pursed lips; this prolongs the exhalation phase compared to the normal inspiration-exhalation ratio.
Change in State Anxiety Level
Anxiety levels will be assessed using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), specifically the State Anxiety subscale (STAI-S). The scale consists of 20 items. Total scores range from a minimum of 20 to a maximum of 80. Higher scores indicate higher levels of anxiety (worse outcome), while lower scores indicate lower levels of anxiety.
Change in Oxygen Saturation (SpO2)
Measured via pulse oximetry. Values are recorded as a percentage (%). Higher values indicate better physiological oxygenation status. Unit of measure: Percentage of oxygen saturation
Change in Heart Rate
Measured via pulse oximetry or cardiac monitor. Values are recorded as beats per minute (bpm). Lower values (within normal range) generally indicate lower physiological stress.
Change in Systolic Blood Pressure
Measured via non-invasive blood pressure cuff. Values are recorded in millimeters of mercury (mmHg).
Change in Diastolic Blood Pressure
Measured via non-invasive blood pressure cuff. Values are recorded in millimeters of mercury (mmHg).
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