The goal of this observational study is to learn about the effects of physical activity in adult on metabolic response. The main question it aims to answer is:
* if physical activity is unlimited to increase the total energy expenditure (TEE)?
Participants will engage in the following measurements:
* Record their daily physical activity by GT3X. * Measure TEE by doubly-labeled water (DLW) method * Measure basal energy expenditure(BEE) and thermic effect of food(TEF) by respiratory chamber
BMI ≥ 18.5 kg/m2
Individuals who have undergone major surgery in the past 6 months (excluding tooth extraction);
Individuals with severe metabolic and cardiovascular diseases such as diabetes, hypoglycemia, and hypertension;
Individuals with exercise-related injuries, including joint diseases and fractures;
Individuals diagnosed with infectious diseases such as HIV, tuberculosis, malaria, etc.;
Residents of Shenzhen, Guangzhou, China
Case-control
Prospective
Observation without intervention
Other interventionObservation without intervention
Differences in total energy expenditure (TEE) measured by the doubly labeled water (DLW) method across experimental groups
\- The change in TEE will be evaluated using the DLW. Urine samples from all participants in the DLW subset will be stored at -20℃ and shipped on dry ice for analysis in the laboratory of Dr. John Speakman at the University of Aberdeen, or the Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese academy of sciences. Isotopes will be measured in benchtop near-infrared isotope gas analyzer, and mean CO2 production will be calculated from isotope ratios using the recently derived equation (Speakman et al 2021: Cell reports medicine). TEE will then be calculated using mean CO2 production using the Weir equation.
Differences in non-exercise physical activity across experimental groups
\- Physical activity of the participants will be recorded using GT3X accelerometer worn near the hip for a consecutive period of 14 days.
Differences in resting energy expenditure (REE) measured by respiratory chamber across experimental groups
\- REE will be evaluated by respiratory chamber.
Differences in thermic effect of food (TEF) measured by respiratory chamber across experimental groups
\- TEF will be evaluated by respiratory chamber.
Differences in sedentary time measured by GT3X accelerometer across experimental groups
\- Sedentary time will be represented from the GT3X accelerometer.
Differences in glucose across experimental groups
Fasting and post-prandial glucose will be recorded by a continuous glucose monitoring system.
Differences in fat mass across experimental groups
Fat mass will be measured by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (Shanghai united imaging, uMR 790 ).
Differences in fat-free mass across experimental groups
Fat-free mass will be measured by Bioimpedance Analysis (Tanita, MC-980).
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