Single-centre retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data with propensity matched scoring groups (AKI v/s non-AKI). Data collection from databases (or their equivalent): PATS Dendrite, Electronic Medical Records, TD-web (results Portal), MedTrack (ICU database), iSite (Radiology), SPY (Long-term status)
Underwent elective or in-house urgent cardiac surgery at the Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust between 1st January 2013 and 31st December 2025, excluding those who had surgery during 2020 and 2021 due to the confounding effect of COVID-19 on acute kidney injury incidence.
Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) was utilised during the cardiac surgical procedure.
A complete minimum dataset is available within the study databases, comprising: age, sex, history of diabetes, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), surgical priority, pre-operative haemoglobin and serum creatinine (SCr) levels, type of cardiac surgery performed, CPB duration, EuroSCORE or logistic EuroSCORE, renal replacement therapy (RRT) use, and post-operative day 1 and/or day 2 and/or day 3 SCr values.
The procedure was performed as an emergency surgery.
Required data fields are incomplete or unavailable.
Surgery was performed off-pump, without the use of cardiopulmonary bypass.
The patient was dialysis-dependent prior to surgery.
The study will include patients undergoing elective or in-hospital urgent cardiac surgery requiring cardiopulmonary bypass at the participating cardiac surgery centre.
Case-control
Retrospective
No Intervention: Observational Cohort
Other interventionNo intervention
Overall cost of treatment in £ for the each KDIGO stage of CSA-AKI
Based on the KDIGO clinical practice guidelines, AKI is defined in relation to the change in serum creatinine (SCr), use of RRT (Renal Replacement Therapy) and urine output. For this study, CSA-AKI is defined (modified KDIGO) as when any one of the following three criteria are met: 1. An increase in serum creatinine (SCr) by ≥0.3 mg/dl (≥26.5 micromol/l) within 72 hours of surgery compared to the baseline value; or 2. An increase in SCr by ≥1.5 times from SCr value at baseline within 72 hours of surgery; or 3. Use of RRT within 7 days of surgery.
Number of patients with CSA-AKI
Incidence of CSA-AKI overall and by KDIGO stage
Days patient spent in ICU
Duration of patient's ICU stay following surgery (days)
Average cost of ICU stay in £ for each KDIGO CSA-AKI stage
Costs of ICU stay (HRG) for the KDIGO CSA-AKI stages
Length of time each patient spent in hospital in days
In-hospital stay duration (days)
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