Endocardial Ablation

This is a prospective, single-center, open-label, randomized controlled trial comparing thoracoscopic surgical ablation with percutaneous endocardial catheter ablation as the first rhythm-control procedure in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation and an enlarged left atrium (LA diameter ≥50 mm or LA volume index ≥45 mL/m²). A total of 194 patients who have never undergone an ablation procedure for atrial fibrillation will be randomly assigned 1:1 to thoracoscopic ablation or percutaneous catheter ablation, stratified by duration of atrial fibrillation. The primary endpoint is recurrence of atrial tachyarrhythmia (atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, or atrial tachycardia) after a 3-month blanking period. The investigators hypothesize that thoracoscopic ablation will significantly reduce recurrence compared with catheter ablation in this population. A secondary hypothesis is that 14-day patch monitoring detects recurrent atrial tachyarrhythmia more sensitively than conventional 24-hour Holter monitoring.