Ethics Nursing

This qualitative study will explore how family-centred care is understood and experienced in adult inpatient medical wards in the UK. Family-centred care involves including a patient's family in care and discussions where appropriate. Although family involvement can improve communication, emotional support and shared decision-making, it may also create ethical challenges where family wishes differ from the patient's preferences or clinical judgement. The study will recruit 30 adults at Milton Keynes University Hospital: 10 patients admitted to an internal medicine ward, 10 family members of patients admitted to an internal medicine ward and 10 registered nurses working on an internal medicine ward. Each participant will take part in one semi-structured interview lasting approximately 30-60 minutes, conducted face to face, by telephone or by video call. The study is based on the expectation that patients, family members and nurses may experience family involvement differently, and that cultural values may influence how family-centred care is applied in practice. The interviews will explore issues including privacy, informed consent, patient autonomy and decision-making. The UK findings will also be compared with findings from an identical study being conducted in Israel to examine how cultural and value-based contexts may affect family involvement in hospital care. The findings may help identify practical communication approaches for delivering culturally sensitive family-centred care while protecting patients' rights and supporting nurses' professional responsibilities.

This clinical trial (randomized controlled experimental study) aims to learn about the effects of presenting the family-witnessed CPR process from a patient's perspective through 360° virtual reality and 2D video within second-year nursing students. The primary question(s) / hypotheses it aims to answer are: * H1: Will the content validity ratio of the developed scenario be above 0.80? * H2: Is the increase in empathy scores (pre-test/post-test difference) of students in the 360° VR group significantly higher compared to the 2D video and control groups? * H3: Is the increase in ethical sensitivity scores of students in the 360° VR group significantly higher compared to the 2D video and control groups? * H4: Is the change in perception scores toward family-witnessed CPR more positive in the 360° VR group compared to the other groups, and is their mean SUS (System Usability Scale) score at or above the acceptability threshold of 70? * H5: Is the VES (Video Engagement Skale) score of students in the 360° VR group significantly higher than that of the 2D video group? Researchers will compare the 360° immersive video (360° VR) group, the 2-dimensional (2D) video group, and the control group to see if there are effects on empathy, ethical sensitivity, perception of risks-benefits of family presence, self-confidence regarding family presence, video engagement, and system usability. Participants will be asked to: * Watch the scenario reenactment involving a family-witnessed CPR process, recorded via a 360° camera (in either 360° VR or 2D format, depending on their assigned group). * Complete data collection tools consisting of the Introductory Information Form, "Jefferson Scale of Empathy", "Ethical Sensitivity Questionnaire", "Family Presence Risk-Benefit Scale and Family Presence Self-Confidence Scale", "System Usability Scale (SUS-TR)", and "Video Engagement Skale(VES)".