Failed Back Surgery Syndrome (FBSS)

This study aims to analyze the efficacy and safety of different kinds of steroid injections for back pain, comparing different steroids, dosages, locations (epidural, facet joints, nerve blocks), and also the difference between injections with steroids and local anesthetics, to optimize this treatment that is currently not standardized. The investigators will compare retrospectively and prospectively the efficacy of different injections in the same patients, using mainly a parameter called integral of pain relief, which combines the percentage of pain relief provided by a treatment and its duration over time, as well as improvements in functionality.

Chronic low back pain after spinal surgery is a complex and disabling condition influenced by biopsychosocial factors. Cognitive Functional Therapy (CFT) is a promising intervention targeting these multidimensional aspects. This randomized, sham-controlled trial aims to compare the efficacy of CFT versus a sham intervention (detuned photobiomodulation) in participants with chronic low back pain after spinal surgery.

This pilot study investigates the effects of reducing pain medication including opioids and anticonvulsants, on spinal cord sensitivity during closed-loop spinal cord stimulation (SCS). Patients with Persistent Spinal Pain Syndrome Type 2 (FBSS/FNSS) will undergo a standard 21-day SCS trial with the Evoke closed-loop system, followed by permanent implantation if successful. Neurophysiological responses (activation plots, conduction velocity, chronaxie, rheobase) and patient-reported outcomes (VAS, activity, sleep, medication intake) will be collected during the trial and up to 6 months after implantation. The goal is to evaluate the relationship between medication tapering and spinal cord sensitivity