Generalised Anxiety Disorder

This clinical trial evaluates whether an optimized exposure-based treatment improves long-term outcomes for adults with anxiety disorders. Specifically, it examines whether Expectancy Focused Exposure (EFE), based on the inhibitory learning model, is more effective than Anxiety Focused Exposure (AFE) in reducing anxiety symptoms and preventing the return of fear over time. The study includes adults aged 18 years and older diagnosed with an anxiety disorder, including social anxiety disorder, specific phobia, generalized anxiety disorder, and panic disorder with or without agoraphobia. Anxiety disorders are highly prevalent and can significantly interfere with daily functioning, work performance, and interpersonal relationships. Exposure therapy is a central component of cognitive behavioral treatment for anxiety disorders. Traditional exposure approaches often focus on reducing anxiety during exposure sessions, but many individuals experience a return of fear after treatment. New theoretical models suggest that exposure may be more effective when designed to violate threat expectations and strengthen inhibitory learning. Participants will be recruited in sequential cohorts and randomly assigned to immediate treatment or a brief waitlist before treatment begins. Those assigned to the waitlist will start treatment at the next study step. When treatment begins, participants will receive either EFE or AFE. Both treatments consist of approximately 10 weekly individual psychotherapy sessions delivered by trained therapists. Participants will complete clinical assessments before treatment, during treatment, immediately after treatment, and at 6, 12, and 18 months after treatment completion. In AFE, exposure exercises are organized along an anxiety hierarchy and focus on reducing anxiety responses through repeated confrontation with feared stimuli. In EFE, exposure focuses on identifying and testing threat expectations, and exercises are designed to maximize expectancy violation and strengthen inhibitory learning. Potential risks include temporary emotional discomfort during exposure exercises. All sessions will be conducted by trained clinicians who monitor participant safety throughout the study. The results may help improve exposure-based treatments for anxiety disorders by identifying strategies that enhance long-term outcomes and reduce relapse.

This study will aim to test whether specific neural circuitry changes, proposed on the basis of a neurocognitive model of anxiety, are a mechanism of action for Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) interventions. This study aims to provide a theoretical model of the neurobiological mechanisms of CBT's therapeutic effect, where there currently is none, and potentially allow for more targeted/specific approaches to anxiety disorders following the identification of key CBT mechanisms. The ultimate aim is to improve the efficacy of CBT, and more generally, psychological interventions for anxiety disorders.

This study aims to evaluate the safety and acceptability of a basic neuro-technological intervention in the treatment of adolescents with Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD). Our technology will deliver a mindfulness-based anxiety regulation intervention through a neuro- / bio-feedback-based virtual reality (VR) game interface that is driven by a novel algorithm.