Multiple Primary Lung Cancers

This multicenter randomized controlled trial will compare two surgical approaches for patients with synchronous ipsilateral multiple primary lung cancer, meaning two or more primary lung cancers diagnosed at the same time in the same lung. The study aims to determine whether combining thoracoscopic resection with radiofrequency ablation can preserve more lung function while maintaining acceptable tumor control and safety compared with thoracoscopic resection alone. A total of 160 participants will be randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to one of two groups. In the combined-treatment group, the main lung lesion will be removed by video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery, and the secondary lesion will be treated with intraoperative computed tomography-guided radiofrequency ablation. In the surgery-alone group, both the main and secondary lesions will be removed by video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery. The primary outcome is the change in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), a standard measure of lung function, from baseline to 6 months after surgery. Other outcomes include local recurrence, treatment-related complications, disease-free and overall survival, length of hospital stay, medical costs, quality of life, patient satisfaction, and the change in postoperative lung volume compared with preoperative lung volume, as quantitatively measured using three-dimensional chest computed tomography reconstruction. Participants will be followed at approximately 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 months after surgery.

The goal of this observational study is to investigate the multi-omics characterization early-stage lung cancer exhibiting distinct phenotypes including lung cancer associated with cystic airspaces, multiple primary lung cancers, and so on. The main questions it aims to answer are: * What are the differences in pathogenesis of non-small cell lung cancer with different phenotypes explored by multi-omics? * Whether differential genes lead to potential prognostic models and therapeutic targets? Participants will be followed up after surgery to answer prognosis: whether they have recurred, and the time to recurrence.