Postoperative Edema

This clinical trial is conducted to compare and evaluate the efficacy and safety of Tergase injection (4,500 IU) in reducing postoperative edema between treated and untreated knees in patients undergoing bilateral total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Prior to participation, all subjects receive a full explanation of the study and provide voluntary written informed consent. Only subjects who meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria through screening procedures are enrolled. Enrolled subjects are randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups in a 1:1 ratio per knee, utilizing a split-body clinical trial design that compares both knees of the same subject. The analysis target is 60 knees obtained from a total of 30 subjects. According to the randomization results, the knee assigned to the experimental group receives a subcutaneous injection of 3 vials (4,500 IU) of Tergase, while the contralateral knee serves as the untreated control group. By including both the experimental and control groups within the same subject, inter-individual variation is minimized. While the investigator performing the injection is aware of the assignment, the subject remains blinded. To overcome the physical impossibility of blinding the injector due to the route of administration and drug characteristics, an 'Evaluator-Blinded' design is adopted to maintain objectivity equivalent to a double-blind study. To achieve this, the unblinded injector and the blinded evaluator who measures efficacy outcomes are strictly separated, and operational blinding is maintained by blocking information exchange between the two groups. Subjects are evaluated for efficacy and safety during hospitalization or outpatient visits at Day 1, 2, 3, 5, Week 2, Week 6, and Month 3 after bilateral TKA. Participation ends upon completion of the planned visits.

Total knee replacement is commonly associated with early postoperative inflammation, edema, pain, and reduced mobility. This randomized controlled trial will evaluate whether adding a simple circulatory exercise program to standard postoperative rehabilitation reduces early limb edema and inflammatory response after unilateral primary total knee replacement. Participants will be randomized to standard rehabilitation alone or standard rehabilitation plus seated and supine knee-extension exercises with alternating ankle dorsiflexion. The primary endpoint is change in limb edema measured by standardized limb circumference at postoperative day 14.

This prospective randomized controlled trial aims to compare the effects of kinesio taping and hilotherapy on postoperative edema, pain, and trismus in patients undergoing bimaxillary orthognathic surgery.