Clinical trials

This randomized controlled clinical trial aims to evaluate the effects of an artificial intelligence-supported mobile application on symptom management, self-efficacy, and quality of life in breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. The study will be conducted between June 2026 and December 2026 at the Ege University Hospital Berna Türek Chemotherapy Center and the İzmir City Hospital Chemotherapy Center. Seventy breast cancer patients who will receive chemotherapy for the first time will be randomly assigned to either an intervention group using the mobile application or a control group receiving standard care. The study seeks to answer the following key questions: Does the artificial intelligence-supported mobile application improve symptom management? Does use of the application increase patients' self-efficacy? Does the application improve quality of life compared with standard care? Participants in the intervention group will use the mobile application during chemotherapy, report daily symptoms, and receive personalized symptom-management recommendations generated by an artificial intelligence system trained by the research team. Participants in both groups will complete symptom, self-efficacy, and quality-of-life assessments at baseline, after the first chemotherapy cycle (cycle length varies by chemotherapy protocol; all cycles are defined according to each patient's prescribed treatment regimen), and after the fourth cycle. The control group will receive standard care and complete the same assessments through face-to-face visits. This study is designed to assess the effectiveness of artificial intelligence-supported mobile health interventions in breast cancer care and their potential to improve symptom management, self-efficacy, and quality of life.

This prospective study aims to evaluate the effect of steep Trendelenburg position and pneumoperitoneum on optic nerve sheath diameter in patients undergoing robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy and open radical prostatectomy under general anesthesia. Increased intracranial pressure may occur during robotic surgery due to pneumoperitoneum and head-down positioning. Optic nerve sheath diameter measured by ocular ultrasonography is a non-invasive method used to assess intracranial pressure changes. Hemodynamic and respiratory parameters will also be recorded during surgery. The results of this study may help to better understand the physiological effects of surgical position and pneumoperitoneum during prostatectomy procedures.

THİS STUDY; İS DESİGNED TO EXAMİNE THE EFFECTS OF A MOBİLE APPLİCATİON-DEVELOPED BASED ON TRANSİTİON THEORY-PROVİDED TO EXPECTANT FATHERS ON ANXİETY, FETAL BONDİNG, AND MARİTAL ADJUSTMENT. CONDUCTED AS PART OF A DOCTORAL DİSSERTATİON, THE RESEARCHERS AİM TO SUPPORT EXPECTANT FATHERS' ADAPTATİON TO THE PREGNANCY AND CHİLDBİRTH PROCESS, REDUCE THE ANXİETY THEY MAY EXPERİENCE DURİNG THİS PERİOD, STRENGTHEN THE FETAL BOND WİTH THEİR BABİES, AND İMPROVE THEİR MARİTAL ADJUSTMENT WİTH THEİR PARTNERS. FACİLİTATİNG ACCESS TO İNFORMATİON AND PROVİDİNG SUPPORT THROUGH A MOBİLE APPLİCATİON OFFERS AN İNNOVATİVE APPROACH İNTEGRATED WİTH MODERN TECHNOLOGY. PLANNED AS A RANDOMİZED CONTROLLED TRİAL, THİS STUDY WİLL BE CONDUCTED WİTH EXPECTANT FATHERS WHOSE PARTNERS ARE BETWEEN 26 AND 28 WEEKS OF GESTATİON AND WHO ATTEND THE OBSTETRİCS CLİNİC AT URLA STATE HOSPİTAL TOGETHER. THE STUDY SAMPLE WİLL CONSİST OF A TOTAL OF 96 EXPECTANT FATHERS (PARTİCİPANTS)-48 İN THE CONTROL GROUP AND 48 İN THE İNTERVENTİON GROUP-SELECTED VİA BLOCK RANDOMİZATİON BASED ON İNCLUSİON CRİTERİA. PARTİCİPANTS İN THE İNTERVENTİON GROUP WİLL RECEİVE AN 8-WEEK EDUCATİONAL PROGRAM VİA THE "FATHERHOOD JOURNEY" MOBİLE APPLİCATİON, WHİCH WAS DEVELOPED BASED ON MELEİS'S TRANSİTİON THEORY, GROUNDED İN THE LİTERATURE, AND REVİSED İN ACCORDANCE WİTH EXPERT OPİNİONS TO MEET THE NEEDS OF FATHERS DURİNG PREGNANCY AND CHİLDBİRTH. PARTİCİPANTS İN THE CONTROL GROUP WİLL RECEİVE NO İNTERVENTİON. DATA WİLL BE COLLECTED AT TWO DİFFERENT TİME POİNTS: PRE-TEST (BETWEEN 26-28 WEEKS OF GESTATİON) AND POST-TEST (BETWEEN 34-36 WEEKS OF GESTATİON). DATA COLLECTİON WİLL BE CARRİED OUT VİA AN ONLİNE PLATFORM USİNG THE PERSONAL INFORMATİON FORM, THE PATERNAL ANTENATAL ANXİETY SCALE, THE PATERNAL ANTENATAL ATTACHMENT SCALE, AND THE MARİTAL ADJUSTMENT SCALE. FOR İNTERGROUP COMPARİSONS OF QUANTİTATİVE DATA, THE MANN-WHİTNEY U TEST WİLL BE USED FOR VARİABLES THAT DO NOT FOLLOW A NORMAL DİSTRİBUTİON, AND THE INDEPENDENT SAMPLES T-TEST WİLL BE USED FOR NORMALLY DİSTRİBUTED VARİABLES. TO EVALUATE WİTHİN-GROUP PRE-TEST AND POST-TEST SCORE DİFFERENCES FOR THE CONTROL AND EXPERİMENTAL GROUPS, THE PAİRED SAMPLES T-TEST WİLL BE USED; İNTERGROUP COMPARİSONS OF PRE-TEST AND POST-TEST CHANGE SCORES WİLL BE CONDUCTED USİNG THE INDEPENDENT SAMPLES T-TEST. THESE COMPARİSONS WİLL BE PERFORMED SEPARATELY FOR EACH SCALE. FOR WİTHİN-GROUP FOLLOW-UP COMPARİSONS OF QUANTİTATİVE DATA THAT DO NOT FOLLOW A NORMAL DİSTRİBUTİON, THE FRİEDMAN TEST AND WİLCOXON SİGNED-RANK TEST WİLL BE APPLİED. ANALYSİS TABLES WİLL BE CREATED, STATİSTİCAL İNTERPRETATİONS WİLL BE PERFORMED, AND THE RESULTS WİLL BE EVALUATED AT A 95% CONFİDENCE İNTERVAL AND A SİGNİFİCANCE LEVEL OF P \< 0.05.

Preoperative anxiety and fear are common among preschool children undergoing surgery and may negatively affect perioperative cooperation and postoperative recovery. This study aims to evaluate the effects of three different operating room transport methods (walking with a parent, stretcher transport, and battery-powered ride-on car transport) on preoperative anxiety and fear levels in preschool children undergoing day surgery. The findings are expected to contribute to the development of child-friendly, non-pharmacological interventions to improve the perioperative experience of children.

The developed mobile application provides patient-specific metronome-based auditory cues and simultaneous tactile vibrations to regulate walking rhythm. In this study, the effects of the mobile application on walking performance and balance in patients with Parkinson's disease will be examined in a single-center, controlled design. Participants will undergo gait training for 30 minutes per day, 3 days a week, for a total of 6 weeks. The experimental group will use the mobile application, while the control group will receive standard gait training without any external stimuli. Walking and functional performance will be assessed before and after the intervention using the Timed Up and Go Test (TUG) to assess functional mobility and dynamic balance, the 5-Times Sit to Stand Test (5xSST) to evaluate lower extremity functional strength, and the Freezing of Gait Questionnaire (FOGQ) to evaluate freezing episodes. Additionally, spatiotemporal walking parameters will be measured using a separate gait analysis mobile application. Appropriate statistical tests will be applied, and a significance level of p\<0.05 will be considered.

The goal of this randomized controlled trial is to evaluate whether video-assisted emotional preparation helps reduce emotional distress in children with leukemia undergoing subcutaneous procedures. The study will also examine whether this intervention affects procedure duration and crying time during the procedure. The main questions it aims to answer are: * Does video-assisted emotional preparation improve children's emotional expression during subcutaneous procedures? * Does the intervention reduce the duration of the procedure? * Does the intervention shorten crying time during the procedure? Researchers will compare video-assisted structured emotional preparation with structured emotional preparation alone and routine care to determine the effectiveness of the intervention. Participants will be randomly assigned to one of three groups: * video-assisted structured emotional preparation, * structured emotional preparation only, * or routine care

Children undergoing leukaemia treatment are exposed to a wide range of chemotherapeutic agents and immunosuppressive therapies during treatment and are therefore at great risk for complications. Mucositis is one of the leading chemotherapy-related complications affecting the quality of life of the child. Although it varies according to the degree of mucositis, oral mucosal erythema, white plaques and ulcers are extremely painful and traumatising procedures for pediatric patients during mucositis care. The pain and fear they experience during the procedure may lead children to delay/not perform oral mucositis care or not allow their parents to do so. Since mucositis is a painful condition in children, it is recommended to use distracting nonpharmacological methods that can help reduce the pain and fear of children during mucositis care. In this context, the aim of this study was to determine the effects of music and virtual reality on pain, anxiety and fear during oral mucositis care in children aged 6-12 years receiving leukaemia treatment. Block randomisation (gender (F/M) and age groups (6-9/10-12) will be used to identify participants. Five minutes before the oral mucositis care procedure, all participants, regardless of group, will be assessed with the Child Anxiety Scale-Disposition (CAS-D), Child Fear Scale and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). The study will be conducted in three groups as control group, VR group and music group. Descriptive characteristics of dependent and independent categorical variables will be given as number and percentage, numerical descriptive characteristics will be given as mean and standard deviation. In examining the relationship between dependent and independent variables, Mann Whitney-Kruskal Wallis or Student t-Anova analyses will be performed according to the result of the analysis of conformity to normal distribution. Bonferroni analysis will be used for pairwise comparisons and Covariance analysis will be used to investigate the effect of variables with children.

This study aims to evaluate the effect of video-assisted mindfulness-based breathing on quality of life and mental well-being in individuals with breast cancer. Breast cancer patients often experience physical and psychological challenges that negatively affect their quality of life. Mindfulness-based breathing is a simple, non-invasive method that may help reduce stress and improve well-being. In this randomized controlled study, participants will be assigned to either an intervention group or a control group. The intervention group will receive a face-to-face breathing training session and will practice daily mindfulness-based breathing exercises using a 5-minute video for 6 weeks. The control group will receive routine care. Outcomes will be measured at baseline and after 6 weeks using validated scales assessing quality of life and mental well-being. This study aims to provide evidence for a simple and accessible supportive care method for individuals with breast cancer.

This randomized controlled trial will be conducted among 18-25-year-old participants who present with temporomandibular joint dysfunction symptoms, including pain, limited range of motion, and joint crepitation. Participants will be randomly allocated into control and intervention groups using block randomization. The control group will receive a standard physiotherapy program, while the intervention group will additionally perform telerehabilitation-based dual-task exercises. The intervention will last for six weeks, with progressive increases in exercise and cognitive task difficulty. Outcomes will be assessed at baseline and at the end of the 6th week. Primary and secondary outcome measures include pain intensity (Visual Analog Scale), jaw functional limitation (Jaw Functional Limitation Scale-20), oral habits, static balance (Tetrax system), and dynamic balance (Timed Up and Go Test). Within-group and between-group comparisons will be performed. The sample size was calculated using power analysis, resulting in 30 participants in total (15 per group), accounting for potential dropouts.

This prospective observational study aims to evaluate the effect of glycemic control level on intraoperative cerebral oxygenation measured by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and postoperative recovery in patients with diabetes mellitus undergoing elective urologic surgery under general anesthesia. Patients will be grouped according to HbA1c levels to assess the relationship between long-term glycemic control and intraoperative regional cerebral oxygen saturation, hemodynamic parameters, and postoperative recovery scores.

Intramuscular injection is one of the most common invasive procedures in childhood and is frequently associated with pain and fear. These negative experiences may affect children's attitudes toward healthcare and complicate nursing care. Therefore, using non-pharmacological methods is essential for promoting child-friendly services. This study aims to evaluate the effects of the Helfer Skin Tap and vibration techniques on pain and fear levels in children aged 5-10 years during intramuscular injections. The study is designed as a parallel, three-arm randomized controlled trial conducted in the Pediatric Emergency Clinic of Ege University Hospital. Participants will be allocated by simple randomization to Helfer Skin Tap, vibration, or standard care. Sample size was calculated with G\*Power 3.1 using a repeated-measures within-between interaction model with two time points (T0-T1), α=0.05, and power=0.80. Assuming a medium effect size (f=0.25) based on previous studies, at least 159 children are required. Allowing for 15% attrition, the final sample will include 186 participants (62 per group). Data will be collected using a Child Information Form including sociodemographic characteristics and prior injection experiences. A Procedure Record Form will document randomization, assigned group, medication, dose, injection site, duration, child's position, and parental presence. Pain and fear will be assessed immediately before (T0) and after (T1) the injection. Pain will be measured with the Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale (0-10) and fear with the Children's Fear Scale (0-4). Ratings will be obtained independently from the child, parent, and observing nurse. The procedure will be video-recorded to enable objective evaluation of behavioral responses. Recordings will be scored by an independent blinded expert using standardized criteria. Videos will be used only for research purposes, with identifying features concealed, stored in coded format, and destroyed after study completion.

This randomized controlled experimental study aims to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of a Virtual Reality-Based "Health to My Foot" program designed for individuals with Type II Diabetes Mellitus. The study will assess the program's impact on diabetic foot knowledge, foot care self-efficacy, foot care behaviors, and foot health outcomes. The research will be conducted between April and October 2026 at a university hospital diabetes outpatient clinic in İzmir, Türkiye. A total of 70 participants diagnosed with Type II DM will be enrolled and randomly assigned to either the intervention group (n=35) or the control group (n=35) using stratified block randomization. Participants in the intervention group will receive the Virtual Reality-Based "Health to My Foot" program through virtual reality goggles and will have access to a recorded foot care training video for home use. They will also receive weekly motivational reminder messages for three months. The control group will receive standard outpatient care only. Data will be collected at baseline (pre-test), 1 month (post-test), and 3 months (follow-up) using validated scales and a nurse follow-up form to evaluate knowledge, self-efficacy, behaviors, and clinical foot health indicators. The findings are expected to contribute to sustainable patient education strategies and to support the prevention of diabetic foot complications and reduction of healthcare costs.

This study is a randomized controlled trial aimed at evaluating the effects of positions used during labor on pelvic floor muscle strength and the severity and nature of perineal pain in primiparous pregnant women. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends supporting women's freedom of movement during the second stage of labor and encouraging upright birthing positions. However, in many countries, births are still performed in supine or lithotomy positions, and knowledge and practice regarding upright positions persist. This situation points to a significant knowledge and practice gap for both birthing women and healthcare professionals. The study will be conducted at the Birth Unit of Bakırçay University Çiğli Training and Research Hospital, Izmir. Following ethics committee approval, the study will be conducted within one year. The sample will consist of 70 primiparous pregnant women who present to the birth unit and meet the inclusion criteria. Participants will be randomly assigned to the intervention and control groups via random.org. Pregnant women in the intervention group will deliver in the Semi-Fowler's (semi-sitting) position, while those in the control group will deliver in the lithotomy position, which is the hospital's standard practice. Data will be collected in two stages. In the first stage, data will be collected at the onset of labor and when cervical dilation reaches 8-10 cm. In the second stage, data will be collected within 24 hours after delivery, at 6 weeks and 6 months postpartum. Data collection tools will be administered to each woman a total of five times in the first and second stages. Pelvic floor muscle strength will be assessed both objectively with a perineometer and subjectively with the Oxford scale. The severity and nature of perineal pain will be measured with the McGill Pain Scale Short Form. The hypotheses of the study are that delivering in a semi-sitting position will increase pelvic floor muscle strength and reduce perineal pain. The data will be analyzed using the SPSS 23 software package, using parametric and non-parametric tests. Intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis will be applied when necessary to mitigate the impact of data loss. This study aims to evaluate not only the effects of birthing positions on the labor process but also their impact on women's health in the postpartum period. This research, which will contribute to expanding the limited literature on this topic, is also expected to support the widespread adoption of a woman-centered approach to care in maternity services.

Pneumonia is one of the leading causes of infection-related mortality in the older population. Traditional severity scores used in emergency departments, such as the Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI) and CURB-65, primarily focus on acute physiological derangements and may not adequately capture biological reserve and frailty in older adults. Frailty is a geriatric syndrome reflecting increased vulnerability to stressors and reduced recovery capacity. This prospective observational cohort study aims to evaluate the predictive value of the Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) for in-hospital mortality, 30-day mortality, and morbidity in patients aged 65 years and older presenting to the emergency department with pneumonia. Additionally, the study will assess whether incorporating frailty assessment into existing pneumonia severity scores improves prognostic accuracy.

This study aims to examine the effect of mandala coloring activity, administered before intrathecal chemotherapy treatment in children with leukemia, on pre-procedure anxiety and fear in children. The main question this study aims to answer is: Does mandala coloring administered before intrathecal chemotherapy treatment reduce pre-procedure anxiety and fear in children with leukemia? Descriptive demographic data will be collected from the children who will be given mandalas. Data will be collected using an Anxiety Scale and a Fear Scale.

Postpartum hemorrhage remains a leading cause of maternal morbidity following cesarean delivery. Tranexamic acid (TXA) has been shown to reduce blood loss when used for the treatment of postpartum hemorrhage; however, its routine prophylactic use during cesarean delivery, particularly in low-risk women, remains controversial. Large randomized trials have demonstrated limited benefit on major maternal outcomes, and data regarding clinically meaningful blood loss reduction and neonatal safety are still inconclusive. This randomized controlled trial aims to evaluate the effect of prophylactic tranexamic acid administered after fetal delivery on perioperative blood loss in women undergoing low-risk repeat cesarean delivery. Secondary objectives include the assessment of neonatal outcomes to further evaluate the safety of routine TXA administration in this population. The results of this study are expected to provide evidence to inform clinical decision-making regarding the routine use of tranexamic acid in low-risk repeat cesarean deliveries, balancing potential maternal benefits against neonatal safety considerations.

This study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of a nurse-led early mobilization protocol on postoperative recovery outcomes in patients undergoing elective colorectal surgery. The outcomes assessed include walking distance, mobility levels, gastrointestinal function (time to first flatus and first defecation), nausea, vomiting, comfort, fatigue, time to initiation of oral intake, patient satisfaction, incidence of postoperative complications, and length of hospital stay. Research Question: In patients undergoing colorectal surgery (P), does a nurse-led early mobilization protocol (I), compared with standard mobilization practices (C), improve postoperative recovery outcomes (O), including walking distance, mobility levels, gastrointestinal function (time to first flatus and first defecation), nausea, vomiting, comfort, fatigue, time to initiation of oral intake, patient satisfaction, postoperative complication rates, and length of hospital stay?

This research is a randomized controlled study designed to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of a video-based virtual reality (VR) simulation for prehospital intervention training of crush syndrome for paramedic students. The study aims to examine the impact of VR simulation on knowledge levels, satisfaction, and sense of presence among second-year first and emergency aid students at Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University.

Purpose of the Study This study aims to understand whether a mobile education program can improve comfort levels in people living with a stoma. A stoma is a surgical opening created on the abdomen to allow stool or urine to leave the body. Living with a stoma can affect daily life in many ways, including physical comfort, emotional well-being, social life, and the home environment. The education program used in this study is based on Kolcaba's Comfort Theory. This theory focuses on comfort as a whole and includes physical, emotional, social, and environmental aspects of a person's life. The study will compare people who receive mobile education with those who receive standard hospital care only. Who Can Take Part Adults aged 18 years and older who are scheduled to have colostomy, ileostomy, or urostomy surgery may take part in this study. Participants must be able to communicate in Turkish, read and understand written information, and agree to join the study voluntarily. People with severe cognitive problems, serious communication difficulties, or major vision or hearing problems will not be included. What Will Happen in the Study Participants will be randomly assigned to one of two groups: Mobile Education Group Standard Care Group Both groups will receive routine care provided by the hospital. Participants in the mobile education group will also receive access to a mobile application designed specifically for people with a stoma. This application includes: Easy-to-understand information about stoma care Animated educational videos showing step-by-step stoma care practices Guidance on skin care, pouch changing, and hygiene Information on common problems and when to seek medical help Reminders to support daily stoma care routines The mobile application can be used on smartphones and does not include diagnosis or treatment. It is for education and support only. Participants in the standard care group will receive usual hospital education and care. After the study is completed, they will also be offered the mobile education program. What Participants Will Be Asked to Do All participants will be asked to answer questionnaires that measure comfort levels at several time points: Before surgery One day after surgery Fifteen days after discharge (by phone) One month after surgery (during a clinic visit) Participants in the mobile education group will be shown how to use the application and may use it as often as they wish. Researchers may contact participants to ask about their experience using the app and to identify any difficulties. Possible Benefits Participants may gain better understanding of stoma care and feel more confident managing daily life with a stoma. The mobile education program may help reduce discomfort, support emotional well-being, and improve overall quality of life. The results of this study may help healthcare professionals develop better education tools and support programs for people living with a stoma. Risks and Safety This study does not involve experimental medical treatments. The mobile application provides education only. Personal data will not be collected through the app, and all information will be kept confidential. Participants may leave the study at any time without affecting their medical care. Why This Study Is Important Access to stoma care education can be limited due to time constraints, staff availability, and hospital resources. Mobile education may provide an easy and accessible way for people to receive reliable information whenever they need it. This study will help determine whether a comfort-focused mobile education program can support people living with a stoma and improve their overall comfort and well-being.

This study is a randomized controlled trial that aimed to investigate the effect of a web-supported interactive learning program on the knowledge level of nursing students about pediatric drug dose calculation. The study was conducted at one of Turkey's most established nursing faculties, and 108 students participated in the study. Participants were randomly assigned to study (n:54) and control (n:54) groups. The study group received both a traditional lecture and a Web-supported interactive learning application, while the control group was limited to a traditional lecture-based instruction. The "Drug Dose Calculation Knowledge Test", "Perceived Learning Scale", and "Medication Administration Self-Efficacy Scale in Children for Nursing Students" scales were used to collect the data.

This cross-sectional study aims to compare the effectiveness of oral contraceptives, oral progesterone (didrogesterone), and inositol in regulating menstrual cycles among women diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). PCOS is a common endocrine disorder affecting reproductive-aged women and is associated with menstrual irregularities, hyperandrogenism, and polycystic ovarian morphology. While oral contraceptives are the mainstay of treatment, their use may be contraindicated in patients with cardiovascular risk factors, liver dysfunction, or in those who desire pregnancy. This study investigates whether oral progesterone and myo-inositol can serve as effective and safer alternatives for menstrual regulation and improvement of ovarian morphology and hyperandrogenic symptoms. A total of 150 women aged 15-40 years with a diagnosis of PCOS will be enrolled and divided into three equal groups: Group 1: Oral contraceptive users Group 2: Oral progesterone users Group 3: Inositol users The study will assess changes in menstrual regularity, ovarian morphology (via ultrasound), and clinical features such as hirsutism and acne before and after treatment.

This study aims to evaluate the effect of two different virtual reality (VR) applications on children's pain, fear, and physiological parameters during peripheral intravenous catheterization. Children between the ages of 7 and 12 who are scheduled for day surgery in the pediatric surgery unit will be randomly assigned to one of three groups: (1) Aquarium VR video, (2) Kaleidoscope VR video, or (3) routine care control group. VR interventions will begin 2-3 minutes before the procedure and will continue throughout catheter insertion. The primary outcomes will include pain and fear levels measured by validated pediatric scales, while secondary outcomes will focus on physiological parameters such as heart rate, respiratory rate, body temperature, and oxygen saturation. The purpose of this research is to determine whether distraction with VR technology can reduce procedural pain and fear in children, improve their cooperation during invasive procedures, and support atraumatic care practices in pediatric nursing.

Sexual dysfunction in women with multiple sclerosis (MS) is an important yet often overlooked problem. The primary objective of this study is to investigate the prevalence of sexual dysfunction in female patients diagnosed with MS. The secondary objective is to evaluate the relationship between sexual dysfunction and fatigue, depression, anxiety, overactive bladder symptoms, and cognitive dysfunction. For this purpose, the following validated instruments will be used: the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) to assess sexual dysfunction, the Brief International Cognitive Assessment for MS (BICAMS) to evaluate cognitive function, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) to assess depression and anxiety, the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) to measure fatigue, and the Overactive Bladder Questionnaire (OAB-V8) to evaluate overactive bladder symptoms.

This study is designed as a randomized controlled single-blind experimental study to examine the effectiveness of the oxytocin massage and Marmet technique applied to mothers who have undergone cesarean section on breast milk quantity and maternal state anxiety levels. The hypotheses of the study are as follows: H0.1. There is no difference in the amount of breast milk among mothers in the Marmet technique, oxytocin massage, and control (placebo) groups. H1.1. There is a difference in the amount of breast milk among mothers in the Marmet technique, oxytocin massage, and control (placebo) groups. H0.2. There is no difference in the state anxiety scale scores among mothers in the Marmet technique, oxytocin massage, and control (placebo) groups. H1.2. There is a difference in the state anxiety scale scores among mothers in the Marmet technique, oxytocin massage, and control (placebo) groups. Participants: Marmet technique, oxytocin massage, and control (placebo) groups will be informed about the study and asked to provide their consent. Participants will complete the descriptive questionnaire. Colostrum status will be checked and marked as "present" or "absent" on the "Breast Milk, Vital Signs, and Pain Level Form." Under researcher supervision, the mother will breastfeed her baby. Afterward, the State Anxiety Inventory will be administered. Two hours later, mothers will express milk using a hospital-grade pump, with 15 minutes on each breast (total 30 minutes). Milk volume, vital signs, pain levels, and milk flow rate will be recorded on the relevant form. Following this, mothers in the Marmet group will receive 10 minutes of the Marmet technique, mothers in the oxytocin group will receive 5 minutes of oxytocin massage, and mothers in the control group will receive 5 minutes of light touch on their wrists and shoulders. Immediately after, milk expression will again be performed with 15 minutes per breast (30 minutes total). The State Anxiety Inventory will be re-administered, and milk amount, vital signs, pain levels, and flow rate will be recorded again. All mothers will express milk using a hospital-grade breast pump, and the expression duration is standardized as 15 minutes per breast (30 minutes total) based on the literature. Two expressions will be performed - one before and one immediately after the intervention. Expressed milk will not be discarded and will instead be used to feed the babies via spoon or syringe under the researcher's supervision.

The goal of this observational study is to learn about changes in activities of daily living (ADL) in older adults after being discharged from the emergency department (ED) following a fall. The main questions this study aims to answer are: How often do older adults experience a decline in their ability to perform daily activities after being discharged from the ED for a fall? What health or lifestyle factors (such as frailty, medications, physical activity, or fear of falling) are related to this decline? Participants will be 65 years or older, admitted to the ED for a simple fall, and discharged without hospitalization. At the time of their ED visit, participants will be asked questions about their health, medications, activity level, and daily functioning. They will then be contacted online or by phone at 7 days and 30 days after discharge to answer follow-up questions. This study will help identify how common functional decline is after falls in older adults discharged from the ED, and which factors may predict higher risk. These findings could help improve follow-up care and prevention strategies for older patients.