Flexible Nephroscopy-Assisted Single-Tract Versus Multi-Tract Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy for Complex Renal Stones

This randomized, parallel-group, non-inferiority trial will compare flexible nephroscopy-assisted single-tract percutaneous nephrolithotomy with conventional multi-tract percutaneous nephrolithotomy in patients with complex unilateral renal stones. The primary outcome is stone-free rate at 3 months, and secondary outcomes include operative time, fluoroscopy time, hemoglobin drop, transfusion rate, hospital stay, complications, need for auxiliary procedures, and cost-effectiveness.