The goal of this observational study is to evaluate cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness in children with obesity, with and without autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and examine how fitness relates to body measurements, body composition, and cardiometabolic health. The main questions it aims to answer are:
* Do children with and without ASD differ in cardiorespiratory fitness and handgrip strength? * Are fitness levels related to body composition and measures of cardiometabolic health?
Researchers will compare children with ASD to children without ASD to see if there are differences in fitness, body composition, and cardiometabolic health.
Participants will have information from their medical records reviewed, including:
* Cardiorespiratory fitness and handgrip strength test results * Height, weight, BMI, and body composition measurements * Blood test results, including HbA1c and cholesterol levels * Age, sex, and other demographic information
Pediatric patients 6-18 years of age who received care at the Pediatric Endocrinology Diabetes Prevention and Fitness Clinic between January 1 and December 31, 2026.
BMI ≥95th percentile for age and sex, consistent with the definition of pediatric obesity.
Documented results from cardiorespiratory fitness testing and/or handgrip strength testing.
Documented HbA1c value, when available.
Age <6 or >18 years at the time of clinical assessment.
BMI <95th percentile for age and sex.
Absence of documented cardiorespiratory fitness or handgrip strength testing.
Insufficient medical record information to determine ASD status or primary study outcomes.
Obese Pediatrics with or without Autism Spectrum Disorder
Cohort
Retrospective
Not listed
Cardiorespiratory Fitness
Cardiorespiratory Fitness as determined by 3-minute step test results, which includes post 1-minute heartrate per Kasch Pulse Recovery Test
Handgrip Strength
As defined by handgrip test using hand dynamometer in kilograms
Aerobic Capacity
Estimation of VO2 max per ml/kg/min derived from results of 3-minute step test
Prediabetes
As defined by HbA1c levels
Cardiometabolic Risk
As defined by blood pressure
Pediatric Obesity
As defined by BMI percentile \> 95th percentile
LDL
As determined by level of low-density lipoprotein
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