Kinesiophobia

This study examines the level of kinesiophobia (fear of movement) in patients undergoing elective abdominal surgery and its relationship with postoperative pain severity and early mobilization. In this descriptive, cross-sectional study, adult patients who have undergone elective abdominal surgery under general anesthesia at two centers (Agri Training and Research Hospital and Taksim Training and Research Hospital) will be assessed after completing their first postoperative mobilization (typically postoperative day 1). Kinesiophobia will be measured with the Turkish version of the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK), postoperative pain with the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), and early mobilization with a researcher-developed Early Mobilization Record Form (time to first ambulation, standing duration, and first walking distance/duration). The investigators hypothesize that patients' kinesiophobia levels will be positively associated with postoperative pain severity and with delayed/reduced early mobilization, and that patients without prior surgical experience will have higher kinesiophobia levels than those with prior surgical experience.

Cervical disc herniation is a common degenerative spinal disorder associated with chronic neck pain, impaired cervical function, reduced motor control, and decreased quality of life. Although conventional physiotherapy is widely used, innovative rehabilitation strategies that enhance motor learning may improve treatment outcomes. This randomized controlled trial aims to investigate the clinical effectiveness of Action Observation (AO) and Motor Imagery (MI) training as an adjunct to conventional physiotherapy in individuals with cervical disc herniation and chronic neck pain. Thirty-six participants diagnosed with cervical disc herniation will be randomly assigned to one of two groups. The control group will receive conventional physiotherapy combined with sham observation consisting of neutral nature videos, while the experimental group will receive conventional physiotherapy plus AO and MI training. The intervention period will last six weeks. Clinical outcomes will be assessed before and after the intervention. Primary and secondary outcome measures will include pain intensity, pressure pain threshold, neck disability, kinesiophobia, cervical motor control and endurance, and cervical proprioception using validated assessment tools. The findings of this study are expected to provide evidence regarding the effectiveness of AO and MI training as complementary rehabilitation approaches for individuals with cervical disc herniation and to support the integration of motor learning-based interventions into clinical physiotherapy practice.

This observational, cross-sectional study aims to translate, culturally adapt, and psychometrically validate the Italian version of the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia for Temporomandibular Disorders (TSK-TMD-ITA). Patients referred to the TMD outpatient clinic of the Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, San Paolo Hospital (Milan, Italy), will complete the translated questionnaire along with measures of pain, disability, catastrophizing, anxiety/depression, stress, and central sensitization. The study will assess the factor structure, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and convergent/discriminant validity of the TSK-TMD-ITA in the Italian TMD population.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between ultrasonography-measured quadriceps muscle thickness and the sarcopenia markers SARC-F questionnaire and handgrip strength in patients diagnosed with ischemic stroke. In addition, the relationship between quadriceps muscle thickness and the level of kinesiophobia will be quantitatively assessed. This study is a cross-sectional clinical study conducted between August 1, 2025, and August 1, 2026, at the Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinic of the University of Health Sciences İstanbul Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Training and Research Hospital. Fifty volunteer participants with ischemic stroke and a lower-extremity Brunnstrom motor stage of 3 or higher, who presented to the clinic during the study period, were included. Bilateral quadriceps femoris muscle thickness, including the rectus femoris and vastus intermedius muscles, was measured using ultrasonography. The SARC-F questionnaire was used to assess sarcopenia risk, handgrip strength measurement was used to evaluate muscle strength, and the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia was used to determine the level of kinesiophobia. Motor recovery stage was assessed using the Brunnstrom Staging system; motor and cognitive independence were assessed using the Functional Independence Measure; walking independence was assessed using the Functional Ambulation Scale; and independence in activities of daily living was assessed using the Barthel Index of Activities of Daily Living. Because balance impairment, muscle weakness, and limited mobility are common after stroke, physical performance tests may be difficult to administer safely and consistently in this patient population. Therefore, the relationship between quadriceps muscle thickness and physical performance tests was not evaluated in this study. The Chair Stand Test, which requires repeated sit-to-stand movements as well as adequate balance and lower-extremity muscle strength, was also not included because it may increase the risk of falls in patients with limited mobility. This study aims to demonstrate the clinical potential of ultrasonography in the assessment of post-stroke sarcopenia and to support a more holistic approach to stroke rehabilitation planning that considers both physical and psychological factors.

This randomized controlled trial investigates the comparative effect of combined strength and balance training versus balance and core training on kinesiophobia (fear of movement), ankle instability, functional outcomes, and athletic performance in adolescent table tennis players with functional ankle instability (FAI). Participants will be randomly allocated into two groups over a 6-week intervention (3 sessions/week). The Experimental Group will receive combined strength and balance training, while the Control Group will receive balance and core training. Outcomes will be measured using validated tools: TSK-17, CAIT, FAAM, Y-Balance Test, Single-Leg Hop Test, T-Test, and Illinois Agility Test.

This randomized controlled trial aims to investigate the effects of foot massage and kinesio taping on functional performance and kinesiophobia in older adults following cardiac surgery. Early mobilization after cardiac surgery is essential for improving recovery outcomes; however, pain, fear of movement (kinesiophobia), and reduced functional capacity may delay rehabilitation in older patients. Participants aged 65 years and older who have undergone cardiac surgery will be randomly assigned to either a foot massage group or a kinesio taping group. The foot massage group will receive daily bilateral foot massage for seven consecutive days, while the kinesio taping group will receive standardized kinesio taping applications to the foot and ankle region during the same period. Functional performance, kinesiophobia, pain intensity, cognitive status, and delirium will be assessed using validated outcome measures, including the Timed Up and Go test, Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia, Visual Analog Scale, Standardized Mini-Mental Test, and Nursing Delirium Screening Scale. Assessments will be conducted preoperatively and on the seventh postoperative day. The study aims to determine whether non-pharmacological, easily applicable interventions such as foot massage and kinesio taping can enhance functional recovery, reduce fear of movement, and support early mobilization in older adults after cardiac surgery.

This study aimed to investigate the predictability of kinesiophobia on functional outcomes in conservatively treated patients with distal radius fractures. For this purpose, patients' level of kinesiophobia will be assessed using the Tampa Kinesiophobia Scale. To assess the functional status of patients, joint range of motion and upper extremity weight bearing measurements will be performed. Patients' functionality will be additionally assessed with the Patient Rated Wrist Evaluation Questionnaire.

To evaluate the effect of home-based exercise plan mediated by a digital health application on kinesiophobia and functional capacity in sedentary post myocardial infarction patients. Evidence suggest that digital health application significantly improve physical activity level in patient following cardiac event by providing personalized exercise plan, real time feed back, progress tracking and motivational features which enhanced adherence and engagement in rehabilitation program. This study could offer a viable le solution for overcoming barrier to rehabilitation particularly for those unable to access traditional clinic-based program

Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is a chronic condition characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, sleep disturbances, and functional limitations. Pain, fatigue, and fear of movement often lead individuals with FMS to adopt sedentary behaviors, which may further exacerbate symptoms and reduce physical capacity. Factors such as impaired body awareness, reduced respiratory muscle strength, kinesiophobia, central sensitization, poor functional status, and sleep disturbances play an important role in disease severity and quality of life in individuals with FMS. Although physical inactivity is common in fibromyalgia, limited evidence exists regarding the differences in these multidimensional clinical parameters between sedentary and non-sedentary individuals with FMS. Therefore, the aim of this study is to compare body awareness, respiratory muscle strength, kinesiophobia, central sensitization, functional status, and sleep quality between sedentary and non-sedentary individuals diagnosed with fibromyalgia syndrome. The findings of this study may contribute to a better understanding of the impact of sedentary behavior on clinical outcomes in fibromyalgia and help guide more comprehensive and individualized rehabilitation approaches.

This research investigates the use of web-based sensory awareness training given to women of reproductive age. It was planned to examine the effect of dysmenorrhea level and kinzeophobia status.H0a = Body weight of women of reproductive age who received and did not receive sensory awareness training. There is no difference between awareness levels. H1a = Body size of women of reproductive age who receive and do not receive sensory awareness training. There is a difference between awareness levels. H0b = Dysmenorrhea of women of reproductive age who received or did not receive sensory awareness training. There is no difference between the levels. H1b = Dysmenorrhea among women of reproductive age who received and did not receive sensory awareness training. There is a difference between the levels. H0c = Kinesiophobia in women of childbearing age who received or did not receive sensory awareness training. There is no difference between the situations. H1c = Kinesiophobia in women of reproductive age who receive and do not receive sensory awareness training. There is a difference between situations Sensory awareness training was given to women in the intervention group of the study for 4 weeks. will be given. Training contents, Sensory System Training Presentation, Proprioception and Kinesthesia Sensory Training Presentation, Interoception Sense Training Presentation will be given, then Graded Sensory Discrimination, Graded Motor Imagery (DMI), interoception awareness training, body training with training consisting of interoceptive awareness exercises and home exercise programs. A protocol for awareness training will be implemented.

Introduction: Heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome that has advanced on a large scale concomitant with population aging and other factors. Thus, the search for alternatives that minimize the losses resulting from its structural and functional damage are important to optimize its treatments, with the primary objective of enabling the participation of these individuals in the most diverse daily tasks. Low-frequency (LF) or medium-frequency (MF) neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) can be considered a resource to enable the improvement of vital and functional parameters of the population with HF intolerant to physical exercise, and it is also important to identify within these modalities which is most effective. In addition to these factors, kinesiophobia can be found in this population, and NMES can also be adopted as a strategy for kinesiophobia in these patients, with the objective of enabling the progression of behaviors. Objective: To evaluate and compare the effectiveness of LF and MF NMES on the indices of kinesiophobia and functionality in patients with HF. Methods: The research will be divided into two types of study: a double-blind randomized clinical trial (RCT) to evaluate NMES protocols, and a qualitative study with subsequent development and validation of a questionnaire to measure kinesiophobia in individuals with HF. The population included in the RCT will have their assessments (personal, socioeconomic, demographic data, Sit-to-Stand Test, kinesiological ultrasound and surface electromyography of the quadriceps muscles) conducted before their discharge from Hospital Nova Esperança (HNE), and after completion of the protocols at the same institution, in the city of João Pessoa - Paraíba. The application of NMES protocols will be carried out in the home environment (30 min/day, 3 times a week, for a total of 8 consecutive weeks). The population for the qualitative study and for the development of the questionnaire will consist of individuals diagnosed with HF of any etiology, compensated and able to perform kinesiotherapy activities, admitted to the HNE wards, between 24-48 hours before hospital discharge. An in-depth semi-structured interview will be conducted with these individuals, followed by the application of questionnaires developed based on the interviews, and the entire study will be conducted while the patients are hospitalized. Expected results: Regarding the first study, it is expected that patients treated with NMES will show improvements in clinical and functional variables, and these improvements may be more pronounced depending on the frequency applied. On the other hand, the qualitative study may reveal whether patients have fear of movement, even if they are clinically stable. The developed questionnaire will be well understood and have adequate psychometric qualities. Finally, it is expected that this knowledge can serve as a basis for optimizing the care of this patient population.

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a common complication of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. DPN is characterized by significant axonal degeneration and segmental demyelination affecting sensory and motor nerves. The effect of foot sole sensation on gait and balance parameters has been reported in various studies in the literature, however, no study has been found examining the effect of foot sensory training on plantar sensation, functional performance, balance, gait and kinesiophobia in type 2 diabetic individuals with neuropathy. In order to contribute to the literature, 40 type 2 diabetic individuals with neuropathy who applied to the Turgut Ozal Medical Center Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases Polyclinic will be included in this randomized controlled study. After diabetic foot training is given to all participants, an experimental (20) and a control (20) group will be formed with a sequential random method. Foot sensory training will be given to the experimental group, while no intervention will be made to the control group, and sensory training will be given to the participants who wish after the study is completed. All participants will be evaluated for subscapular sense, functional performance, balance, walking and kinesiophobia at the beginning and end of the training. Subscapular sense will be evaluated with light touch, two-point discrimination and vibration tests. Functional performance evaluation will be made with timed up and go test and timed stair ascent-descend test. Kinesiophobia will be analyzed with Tampa Kinesiophobia Scale, Balance; One-Legged Stand Test and Y balance tests and walking will be analyzed with Kinect V2 camera based software. Physical activity levels will be evaluated with International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form. The data taken into the research will be analyzed with SPSS (Statistical Program in Social Sciences) program. The values belonging to the data will be expressed with percentage, mean and standard deviation, and the significance level (p) will be taken as 0.05 for comparison tests.

As modern society enters the age of an aging population, the prevalence of knee OA continues to increase, which necessitates multi-faceted research. Although there are studies on exaggeration of bodily sensations, depression, kinesiophobia and functional status in patients with knee OA, there are deficiencies in correlating these factors with each other and in directing evaluation and treatment programs. Based on this, this study aims to demonstrate the relationship between the level of exaggeration of bodily sensations, psychological-functional status and perceived pain level in patients with knee pain due to knee OA.

The main objective is to update the diagnostic assessment of frailty by correlating several variables with the ultrasound image of the frail elderly patient. Secondarily, the investigators intend to collect and analyze data on functional capacity and quality of life variables on the evolution of musculoskeletal symptoms, as well as on pain and psychological variables. Similarly, it is intended to make a record of different profiles and subtypes of frail older adult patients to be stored in Machine Learning in order to establish therapeutic intervention plans that allow both the evaluation and treatment of patients.

Non-specific neck pain is the most common musculoskeletal symptom which can cause limited cervical mobility, impaired functional status and stress at work. Virtual reality and motor imagery are unique technologies which have beneficial effects on the treatment of non-specific neck pain. Virtual reality is a simulated 3D environment that enables users to explore and interact with a virtual surrounding while motor imagery (MI) is a dynamic mental process of an action, without its actual motor execution. This study aims to investigate the combined effects of Virtual Reality (VR) and Motor Imagery Techniques (MI) with Routine Physical Therapy (RPT) in patients with Non-specific neck pain. This randomized clinical trial will be carried at Railway General Hospital, Rawalpindi on 93 participants meeting the inclusion criteria included in the study through probability convenience sampling technique. 3 groups of participants assigned ramdomly will receive interventions for three days a week for 6 weeks. Group A will receive virtual reality (VR) and motor imagery (MI) along with routine physical therapy for . Group B participants will receive VR along with routine physical therapy while Group C will receive MI along with routine physical therapy. Total treatment time will be 40 minutes. Outcome measure tools will be Numeric pain rating scale to measure pain, the Tampa scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK) for the measurement of kinesiophobia and Neck disability index for disability and functional status.

This study will compare functional outcomes after an arthroscopic Bankart repair between patients that underwent conventional arthroscopic Bankart repair rehabilitation, following the American Society of Shoulder and Elbow Therapists guideline and patients that underwent 'multifactorial approach training', which focusses on decreasing kinesiophobia and fear of recurrent dislocations. The study population comprises patients who will undergo Arthroscopic Bankart Repair (ABR) after a traumatic anterior shoulder dislocation at Spaarne Gasthuis Haarlem/Hoofddorp, OLVG Amsterdam, Amstelland Ziekenhuis Amstelveen, Gelre Ziekenhuizen, Medisch Spectrum Twente, or Flevoziekenhuis Almere.