Cognition

This study will be a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. It will be conducted over a 8-week intervention investigating the effects of creatine (5g Creatine monohydrate); placebo control (5g resistant dextrin), and a combination group containing both creatine and tyrosol (5g creatine monohydrate + 150mg tyrosol/day). Endurance, strength, cognition, and fatigue resistance will be examined through repeated strength and endurance testing (described below). Participants who pass initial screening will be invited on-site for day one (Visit 1) of testing where the participants will proceed with a series of tests which will include the following: (1) body composition; (2) mood and cognitive testing; (3) full-body strength testing; (4) 5RM (repetition maximum) bench press, leading to multiple sets of bench press (based on the previous weight) completed to failure; (5) finally, a time to exhaustion endurance test will be conducted followed by (6) repeat cognitive testing. After the 8-week supplementation period (\~56-60 days), all original measures will be repeated as before in the same order (Visit 2). Approximately 24 hours later (Visit 3) participants will complete a questionnaire for muscle soreness remotely, and again at 48 hours post-Visit 2 (visit 4).

The goal of this study is to determine whether consuming a commercially available exogenous ketone supplement (KetoneIQ®) affects cognition, specifically marksmanship, under physical stress (i.e., exhaustive exercise). The main questions we seek to answer are: * Does the supplement save cognitive performance under stress compared to a placebo? * Does the supplement improve marksmanship under stress compared to a placebo?

Trial weblink: https://www.memoryexam.com/job/norms/ Participants enrolled in this study will complete a single-session, non-invasive, computerized cognitive assessment administered through a secure, web-based digital platform. The purpose of the study is to establish normative cognitive performance data from healthy adults aged 18-100 years and develop age-, sex-, and education-adjusted reference values for the digital assessment platform. This is an observational study and does not involve any therapeutic intervention, investigational treatment, or alteration of routine medical care. Following electronic informed consent, participants will complete a standardized screening questionnaire to determine eligibility. The questionnaire collects demographic information, education, English language proficiency, medical and neurological history, psychiatric history, medication use, substance use, sleep history, and self-reported cognitive concerns. Standardized mood screening instruments (PHQ-9 and GAD-7) are also administered. Individuals meeting predefined exclusion criteria that could significantly influence cognitive performance will not be included in the normative dataset. Eligible participants will then complete a digital cognitive assessment battery using standardized visual and auditory instructions. The platform utilizes automated voice-recognition technology to capture spoken responses and standardized algorithms to score performance, eliminating the need for examiner scoring and ensuring consistent administration across participants. Total study participation, including consent, screening, and testing, is approximately 30 to 45 minutes. The cognitive battery evaluates multiple cognitive domains commonly assessed during neuropsychological examinations. Language abilities are assessed through phonemic and semantic verbal fluency tasks, measuring the ability to rapidly generate words within specified categories. Confrontation naming is evaluated using digitally presented images that participants identify verbally. Learning and memory are assessed through immediate and delayed verbal recall tasks, including recognition memory measures. Attention and working memory are evaluated using forward and backward digit span tasks. Executive functioning and attention are further assessed using a brief computerized problem-solving task. Equivalent alternate versions of selected tasks may be administered to minimize practice effects while measuring the same cognitive domains. All assessments are brief, non-invasive, and completed using spoken responses. The platform automatically records participant responses, response timing, and scoring metrics. Voice recordings are collected solely to support automated scoring and quality assurance. All electronic data are transmitted using encrypted connections and stored within HIPAA-aligned cloud infrastructure. Personally identifiable information is stored separately from cognitive performance data using unique study identification numbers, and only authorized study personnel have access to identifiable information. De-identified data will be used to generate normative reference values. A subset of approximately 100 participants may be invited to complete a second assessment 2-4 weeks after the initial visit to evaluate test-retest reliability. Participation in this follow-up assessment is voluntary. Participants will not receive diagnostic results or individualized interpretations of their performance because the study is intended solely to establish normative reference data. If responses on the PHQ-9 suggest potential acute self-harm risk, the platform will provide crisis resources and notify the study team in accordance with the study safety procedures. The primary outcome of the study is the development of age-, sex-, and education-adjusted normative reference values for the digital cognitive assessment platform, supporting standardized interpretation of future assessments in clinical and research settings.

The purpose of this study is to investigate neurocognitive mechanisms underlying response to intervention aimed at enhancing, and remediating weaknesses in, numerical skills in children, including those with mathematical learning disabilities (MLD).

This project uses a hybrid trial design to evaluate two biomedical interventions targeting the gut-brain axis. One intervention is portable Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulator, tVNS, that is hypothesized to stimulate the autonomic nervous system, resulting in decreased inflammation and improved cognition. The second intervention is a probiotic supplement intended to replace gut bacteria that are associated with dysbiosis in persons with HIV and alcohol consumption.

The goal of this clinical trial is to learn if daily supplementation with a Nepalese Pepper Extract (Zanthoxylum Armatum, ZA) can improve cognitive performance and gaming performance in action video gamers aged 16 to 39, when taken over an extended period. The main questions it aims to answer are: Does chronic (42-day) daily ZA supplementation improve speed of cognitive performance and reduce subjective mental fatigue? Do these effects translate into objective and self-reported improvements in gaming performance? Are there additional acute (within-session) effects at the end of a chronic supplementation period, on top of any chronic effect? Researchers will compare 275mg daily ZA supplementation to placebo to see if chronic ZA produces better cognitive performance and lower fatigue than placebo. Participants will: Complete a screening call and a training visit on the computerised cognitive tasks and gaming tasks Take a daily capsule (either ZA or placebo, depending on treatment order) each morning with food for 42 days, then switch to the other treatment for a further 42 days after a 2-week washout Attend four testing visits at the research centre: a baseline and an endpoint visit for each 42-day treatment period Avoid alcohol and energy drinks for 24 hours before each testing visit, and caffeine from waking Complete cognitive tests before dosing and 1 hour after dosing at each testing visit Complete mood and sleep questionnaires Wear a heart rate monitor at rest on arrival at each visit Complete gaming-specific tasks (aim training, MOBA character control, multi-tasking, finger tapping, Fitts' Law, multiple object tracking, collision prediction) Play their action video game of choice at home throughout each 42-day period and complete performance questionnaires

This study will examine the effects of combining different types of dietary supplements on various aspects of health and wellbeing in middle aged women. The main outcomes of the trial will be aspects of health and wellbeing that middle aged women report as increasingly problematic, such as joint pain, fatigue, sleep, and changes in body composition, strength, and inflammation. Participants will consume the supplement(s) or placebo for 8 weeks, and outcome measures will be assessed before and after supplementation.

The goal of this clinical trial is to learn more about decision making in psychosis spectrum disorders, like schizophrenia. Participants will be people who have had symptoms of a psychosis spectrum disorder start within the last five years. The investigators will study how two study agents change decision making in people with psychosis, by asking participants to complete some brain games on the computer before and after taking the study agents. The investigators hope to improve our understanding of psychosis to help people in the future. The main research questions are: * Does a single dose of modafinil change how people with psychosis play the brain games? * Does a single dose of d-serine change how people with psychosis play the brain games? * Does a single dose of modafinil change brain activity? * Does a single dose of d-serine change brain activity? Participants will: * Complete an interview and self-report questionnaires. * Complete safety screening activities, like a blood draw, a urine drug test, and an alcohol breathalyzer test. * Complete functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) scans. fMRI uses magnets to take pictures of the brain. There will be six scanning appointments in the study, with two scans each. Appointments will be about a month apart. * Take a single dose of a study agent during each scanning appointment. The study agent will be taken after the first fMRI. There are three study agents in total: modafinil, d-serine, and a placebo. Each participant will take each study agent twice during the study. * Play brain games on a computer that measure decision making, thinking, and problem solving skills

This study will examine the effects of combining different types of dietary supplements on various aspects of health and wellbeing in middle aged women. The main outcomes of the trial will be aspects of health and wellbeing that middle aged women report as increasingly problematic, such as joint pain, fatigue, sleep, and changes in body composition, strength, and inflammation. Participants will consume the supplement(s) or placebo for 8 weeks, and outcome measures will be assessed before and after supplementation.

The RePer-AGE study investigates how central and peripheral vision contribute to visual recognition and how these mechanisms change with normal aging. The study is based on the hypothesis that peripheral vision provides rapid global information that supports visual recognition through predictive mechanisms. Healthy young adults (18-30 years) and older adults (60-85 years) will undergo visual psychophysical testing, ophthalmological examinations, and, for a subset of participants, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The results are expected to improve our understanding of age-related changes in visuo-cognitive functions and provide reference data for future studies on age-related visual disorders.

The objective of this study is to determine the effects of a 6-month, home-based personalized transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) intervention targeting the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on cognitive function, dual task standing and walking, and other metrics of mobility in older adults with motoric cognitive risk syndrome (MCR).

The purpose of this study is to characterize the relationships between changes in cognitive functioning across the day and patterns of physical activity in older adults. Those who participate in the program will complete tests of cognition and several surveys at the start. They will then wear an activity monitor and complete four cognitive tests plus surveys per day for one week. After this week concludes, they will continue completing the surveys and cognitive tests, and will engage in one week of structured exercise at a research center and one week where they work to move throughout the day.

At the heart of healthcare is the interaction between healthcare practitioners and patients. It is believed that optimisation of this interaction can improve patient relevant outcomes, safety and patient experience. Through utilisation of practitioner physiological data, heart rate variability (HRV), to help practitioners make better decisions and optimise practice, it is considered possible to improve decision making around patient care and improve outcomes and safety. The modern intensive care unit (ICU) is a dynamic data rich environment requiring rapid and accurate decision making. Advances in ventilator technology, electronic patient monitoring and electronic health records (EHR) have provided exponential growth in data produced for patients and the need for complex decision making. However, data overload and alarm fatigue can result in poor understanding and a delayed response from the practitioner in addressing the patient's needs. The aim of this study is to present and evaluate a psychophysiology training approach for practitioners derived from their cardiovascular response through the course of the working day, this will be measured using heart rate variability (HRV). Practitioner HRV has been shown to be linked to work related stress and is considered a biomarker of decision-making.

This clinical trial aims to evaluate whether a culturally adapted Snacktivity™ program can improve cognitive function and self-care abilities in patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) in Hong Kong. The main questions it aims to answer are: 1. Does the Snacktivity™ program improve the cognitive function of participants (including both global cognition and targeted subdomains)? 2. Does the program improve participants' self-care abilities? The study consists of three sequential phases: Phase 1 (Co-design workshops): Co-design workshops will be conducted with COPD patients, healthcare professionals (nurses, physical therapists, occupational therapists), and family caregivers to culturally adapt the Snacktivity™ program for Hong Kong COPD patients. Phase 2 (Feasibility Pilot RCT): The adapted program will be tested in a small-scale pilot study to assess its feasibility and short-term clinical effects. Phase 3 (Full-scale RCT): A full-scale randomised controlled trial will be conducted to evaluate the program's efficacy on the primary and secondary outcomes. Participants in the intervention group will be asked to: Participate in the culturally adapted Snacktivity™ program that integrates short, manageable "snacks" of physical activity into daily routines. Wear an activity tracker to monitor physical activity levels. Complete questionnaires at multiple time points assessing cognitive function, self-care abilities, physical activity levels, self-efficacy, exercise capacity, quality of life, anxiety, and depression. Researchers will compare the intervention group to an attention control group (receiving usual care with health education) to see if the Snacktivity™ program leads to greater improvements in these outcomes.

The main objectives of our proposed study are to determine the effects of mango consumption on immune and cognitive functions in free-living college going young adults aged 18-30 years

The purpose of this study is to examine how participating in exercise together versus separately influences brain function, cognitive performance, mood, and parent-child connection in mother-child dyads. Mothers and their children will complete two fitness class visits at a participating community fitness facility/CrossFit affiliate. During one visit, mothers and children will exercise in separate age-appropriate classes, and during the other visit they will exercise together in a shared class. Before and after each exercise session, participants will complete brief assessments of cognition, mood, and brain activity using a portable electroencephalography (EEG) device. Findings from this pilot study will help determine the feasibility of conducting community-based neuroscience research and may inform future family-centered physical activity programs designed to support brain, emotional, and social health.

This study tests whether a week of morning bright light therapy changes how well healthy young adults sleep and how alert, positive, and mentally sharp they feel during the day. Morning light is the body's main signal for keeping its internal clock and sleep-wake timing on track. Many university students keep irregular hours and spend most of the day indoors, where light is far dimmer than daylight. This study asks whether adding a short, bright morning light session can help. Each participant takes part for two weeks. For one week they use a bright light box for 30 minutes each morning, shortly after waking; for the other week they keep their usual lighting. The order of the two weeks is decided at random, and each person serves as their own comparison. Throughout both weeks, sleep is tracked with a wrist-worn Fitbit and a short daily diary. Participants also rate their sleepiness and mood, complete brief computer-based attention and memory tasks, and take part in a short interview at the end about their experience. The study compares the bright-light week with the usual-light week to see whether morning bright light improves sleep regularity and efficiency, reduces daytime sleepiness, lifts mood, or affects thinking performance. The trial is being conducted in waves; a first wave has completed and a second wave is planned, pending additional funding.

About 6.5 million adults in the United States who are 65 or older have dementia. While the exact cause of dementia is not known, it may be due to changes in the brain. Further, risk may be higher when the brain does not respond to insulin. Indeed, brain insulin resistance has emerged as a pathologic factor affecting memory, executive function as well as systemic glucose control. Regular aerobic exercise may help reduce the risk of dementia by increased blood flow to the brain and help the brain respond better to insulin. In addition, giving insulin through a nose spray (called intranasal insulin) may also help with thinking and memory. However, it is unknown if using both exercise and intranasal insulin is best for the brain.

The goal of this clinical trial is to investigate the safety and efficacy of AP-Brain on cognitive function at varying dosages in healthy younger adults with self-reported attention problems. The main question it aims to answer is what Change from baseline to Day 56 between AP-Brain (1g, 3g, or 5g) and placebo in cognitive function, as assessed by the CNS VS Neurocognitive Index (NCI) score and complex attention. Participants will be asked to consume AP-Brain at 1 g, 3 g, or 5g, or Placebo and asked to complete memory assessment questionnaires.

The goal of this clinical trial is to investigate the safety and efficacy of AP-Brain on cognitive performance at varying dosages in healthy middle-aged and older adults with self-reported memory problems. The main question it aims to answer is: What is the effect of AP-Brain at 1 g, 3 g, and 5 g on cognitive performance? Participants will be asked to consume AP-Brain at 1 g, 3 g, or 5g, or Placebo and asked to complete memory assessment questionnaires.

The goal of this study is to investigate whether administering flumazenil to reverse the effects of benzodiazepines and/or zopiclone during electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) can help reduce cognitive side effects without diminishing treatment effectiveness in hospitalized patients with depression. The investigators hypothesize that blockade of the GABA receptor with flumazenil will reduce cognitive side effects through improved seizures and a reduced need for electrical charge escalation during the ECT series. Cognitive side effects will be measured by the total score on the Screening for Cognitive Impairment in Psychiatry (SCIP) (primary outcome) at follow-up after completion of the ECT series. Furthermore, it is expected that the flumazenil strategy will reduce pre-treatment anxiety and improve patient satisfaction (secondary outcomes). In addition, flumazenil strategy is hypothesized to have beneficial effects on subjective cognitive complaints, autobiographical memory, and executive functioning (secondary outcomes). Finally, the flumazenil strategy is expected to be associated with more favorable structural and functional changes in executive functioning and memory-related brain networks after completion of the ECT series, which may, in turn, be linked to better overall cognition and autobiographical memory (secondary outcome measures). For exploratory purposes, the study will also examine longitudinal changes in depressive symptoms and cognitive outcomes from baseline to follow-up (tertiary outcomes). Investigators will compare two different pre-ECT benzodiazepine management strategies: 1. Flumazenil strategy (experimental): continued benzodiazepine and/or zopiclone use up until the time of the ECT session, followed by administration of flumazenil immediately prior to ECT 2. Benzodiazepine withholding strategy (treatment as usual): discontinuation of benzodiazepines and/or zopiclone prior to the ECT in accordance with standard clinical practice

Adult epilepsy patients who are undergoing intracranial monitoring will participate in a simple behavioral task during the clinical recording period.

This study aims to comparatively investigate the effects of low-volume High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) versus Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training (MICT) on gait, balance, cognitive functions, and neurovascular biomarkers (BDNF, VEGF) in individuals with Multiple Sclerosis (MS). This randomized controlled trial will be conducted at Hacettepe University, Faculty of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation.

In a single-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled crossover manner, this study aims to assess the impact of a high-fat mixed meal containing a whey protein (WP)-enriched milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) powdered ingredient on markers of heart and brain health in the fed state among middle-to-older-aged, postmenopausal women living with overweight and at moderate risk for cardiovascular disease. Participants will attend two \~8 hour study visits, where they will consume a high-fat meal containing a WP-enriched MFGM powdered ingredient or a placebo WP-based powdered ingredient. Each visit will involve anthropometric measurements and periodic assessments of heart health, including blood pressure and blood vessel stiffness measurements, blood sample collections, as well as computer-based tests measuring mood and cognition (brain function) over a 6-hour postprandial period.

This retrospective observational study evaluates physiological and cognitive changes following a series of 60 hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) sessions in healthy individuals. Participants underwent treatment five days per week, each session included 90 minutes exposure to 100% oxygen at 2ATA with a five-minute air break every 20 minutes. Pre- and post-treatment data include cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) and standardized cognitive assessments. The study aims to characterize associations between changes in cardiorespiratory fitness and cognitive performance following repeated HBOT exposure in a real-world clinical cohort