Clinical trials

Purpose: Complex mandibular fractures are commonly associated with high-energy maxillofacial trauma and may result in disruption of mandibular continuity, facial deformity, malocclusion, and impaired mastication and speech. Surgical management is challenging because comminuted or displaced bone fragments can obscure normal anatomical landmarks and make accurate restoration of mandibular anatomy difficult. Although reconstruction plates provide stable fixation, conventional intraoperative plate bending is technically demanding and may contribute to inaccurate plate adaptation, condylar malposition, facial asymmetry, or prolonged operative time. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of Virtual Surgical Planning (VSP) combined with three-dimensional (3D) printing and preoperative reconstruction plate bending compared with conventional surgery in patients with complex mandibular fractures requiring reconstruction plate fixation. Method: This study is designed as a randomized controlled clinical trial involving patients with maxillofacial trauma diagnosed with complex mandibular fractures, with or without associated maxillofacial fractures, who are indicated for open reduction and internal fixation using reconstruction plates. The study will be conducted at the National Hospital of Odonto-Stomatology in Ho Chi Minh City and the University Medical Center Ho Chi Minh City from August 2026 to August 2028. Eligible participants will be randomly allocated to two groups. The Virtual Surgery Group will undergo preoperative computed tomography (CT)-based virtual fracture reduction, followed by fabrication of a patient-specific 3D-printed mandibular model and preoperative bending of the reconstruction plate according to the virtually restored mandibular anatomy. The Conventional Surgery Group will undergo standard open reduction and internal fixation with reconstruction plate adaptation and bending performed intraoperatively. Data collection will include preoperative clinical and radiographic characteristics, operative parameters, and postoperative clinical and radiographic outcomes. Postoperative imaging will be used to assess the accuracy of mandibular reduction and restoration of anatomical relationships. Operative time and early postoperative outcomes, including pain and swelling, will also be compared between the two treatment approaches. Expected Results: The investigators anticipate that VSP combined with 3D printing and preoperative reconstruction plate bending will provide greater accuracy in restoring mandibular anatomy compared with conventional surgery. Improved preoperative planning and plate adaptation are expected to reduce the need for intraoperative plate adjustment, shorten operative time, and decrease postoperative swelling and pain. The approach may also improve restoration of mandibular symmetry, occlusion, and condylar position. Conclusions: If this study demonstrates that VSP, 3D printing, and preoperative reconstruction plate bending provide greater surgical accuracy and improved perioperative outcomes compared with conventional techniques, these findings could support their broader application in the management of complex mandibular fractures. This approach may provide oral and maxillofacial surgeons with a more precise and efficient method for restoring mandibular anatomy, while reducing operative burden and early postoperative morbidity in patients with complex maxillofacial trauma.

Chronic insomnia disorder is a common sleep disorder associated with impaired daytime functioning and may be accompanied by alterations in immune-inflammatory and gut-related biological processes. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) uses pattern differentiation to individualize treatment; however, the additional clinical value of pattern-based treatment compared with a standardized protocol remains insufficiently established. This randomized controlled trial will evaluate whether individualized TCM pattern-based thread-embedding acupuncture combined with auricular acupressure improves sleep quality more effectively than the same therapeutic modalities delivered using a standardized fixed-point protocol in adults with chronic insomnia disorder. Participants will be classified as having either Heart-Spleen Deficiency or Liver Qi Stagnation with Spleen Deficiency according to prespecified TCM diagnostic criteria and randomized 1:1 to individualized pattern-based treatment or standardized treatment. The primary outcome is the change in Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) score from baseline to the end of treatment. Secondary clinical outcomes include insomnia severity measured by the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), gastrointestinal symptoms measured by the Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS), and adverse events. Serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) and fecal calprotectin will be assessed as exploratory systemic and gut-related inflammatory biomarkers. These biomarkers are intended to explore biological correlates potentially relevant to gut-brain interactions and are not considered diagnostic markers of insomnia or direct measures of the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Clinical outcomes will additionally be assessed at Week 10, four weeks after completion of scheduled treatment, to evaluate persistence of clinical effects.

This randomized split-mouth clinical trial will compare the effectiveness of a 940 nm GaAlAs diode laser and a ceramic soft tissue trimmer for the treatment of physiologic gingival melanin pigmentation. Each participant will receive both treatment modalities in separate gingival regions according to a randomized allocation. Changes in gingival pigmentation will be evaluated using clinical pigmentation indices and digital image analysis. Participants will be followed at 1, 3, and 6 months after treatment to assess pigmentation reduction and repigmentation.

This study will evaluate whether blood tests that measure IgE antibodies to two shrimp proteins, tropomyosin and hemocyanin, can help diagnose shrimp allergy in children. Children with suspected IgE-mediated shrimp allergy will undergo oral food challenge, skin prick testing, and blood sampling. Oral food challenge results will be used as the reference standard to determine whether these tests can accurately identify true shrimp allergy and help improve diagnosis in clinical practice.

This study evaluates whether coating Polyglactin 910 sutures with chlorhexidine diacetate (CHX-DA) improves outcomes after the surgical removal of impacted mandibular (lower) third molars (wisdom teeth). The study is a randomized, triple-blind, split-mouth clinical trial. Eligible participants are patients aged 18 to 35 years who need extraction of two symmetrical impacted lower wisdom teeth of similar difficulty. For each participant, one extraction site is closed with standard Polyglactin 910 sutures and the other site is closed with chlorhexidine diacetate-coated Polyglactin 910 sutures, with the allocation assigned by random draw. Participants, the surgeon, and the outcome assessors are all blinded to which suture is used at each site. The researchers compare the two suture types on the bacterial load at the surgical wound site and on soft tissue healing. Bacterial load is assessed from gingival crevicular fluid collected at the wound site next to the suture and quantified by viability real-time PCR (vPCR, copies/mL). Soft tissue healing is assessed using the IPR healing scale. Both outcomes are measured on days 3, 5, and 7 after surgery. The aim is to determine whether the chlorhexidine-coated suture reduces bacterial load at the wound site and improves soft tissue healing compared with the uncoated suture.

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a common condition that significantly affects quality of life, psychological well-being, and interpersonal relationships. In Traditional Medicine, ED is classified into different syndrome patterns, which are essential for guiding individualized treatment; however, evidence on their distribution and associated factors in Vietnam remains limited. This cross-sectional study aims to determine the distribution of Traditional Medicine syndrome patterns in patients with ED and to evaluate their associations with demographic characteristics, clinical features, psychological status, and lifestyle factors, thereby providing evidence to support improved diagnosis and integrative treatment approaches.

This randomized controlled clinical trial aims to compare two regenerative surgical approaches for the treatment of mandibular molar Class II furcation defects in patients with periodontitis. Eligible furcation defects will be randomly assigned to receive either xenograft bone combined with enamel matrix derivative (EMD) or xenograft bone combined with a collagen membrane. Both approaches are used to support periodontal tissue regeneration. Participants will be followed for approximately 7 months. The study will evaluate postoperative pain and patient-reported satisfaction, periodontal clinical parameters, changes in furcation defect volume and relative bone density on cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), and changes in gingival crevicular fluid TWEAK levels. Clinical and radiographic outcomes will be assessed before surgery and during follow-up, including at 3 and 6 months after surgery. The study is intended to determine whether xenograft bone combined with EMD provides clinical, radiographic, biological, and patient-reported outcomes comparable or superior to xenograft bone combined with a collagen membrane in the regenerative treatment of mandibular molar Class II furcation defects.

This study consists of two components evaluating furcation involvement in mandibular molars among Stage III or Stage IV periodontitis patients. Component 1 is a cross-sectional study evaluating the prevalence and morphological characteristics of Hamp Class II furcation defects during initial screening. Component 2 is a randomized controlled clinical trial in 30 selected patients comparing the diagnostic accuracy of Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) against direct intra-operative clinical measurements, as well as evaluating the clinical and radiographic outcomes of regenerative periodontal surgery using Acellular Dermal Matrix (ADM) + Enamel Matrix Derivative (EMD) + Xenograft versus Autogenous Connective Tissue Graft (CTG) + EMD + Xenograft.

The purpose of this randomized controlled clinical trial is to compare the effectiveness of advanced platelet-rich fibrin (A-PRF+) combined with xenograft versus a collagen membrane combined with xenograft in the treatment of degree II furcation involvements in mandibular first molars. Adult patients with periodontitis will randomly receive either the A-PRF+ treatment or the collagen membrane treatment during periodontal flap surgery. The study will evaluate clinical periodontal healing, bone regeneration using 3D imaging (CBCT), patient comfort (pain levels and satisfaction), and changes in the TWEAK biomarker in gingival crevicular fluid over a 6-month period.

The goal of this clinical trial is to learn whether a home-use light device helps control gum inflammation around dental implants in adults who have a full set of fixed teeth attached to implants. This gum inflammation, called peri-implant mucositis, is common and reversible, but can lead to more serious problems if it is not controlled. The device is meant to be added to the usual professional cleaning and hygiene care, not to replace it. The main questions it aims to answer are: * Does adding the home-use light device reduce gum bleeding around the implants more than the usual care alone? * Does it reduce the depth of the space around the implants and the amount of harmful bacteria? Researchers will compare adults who receive the usual professional care plus the home-use light device with adults who receive the usual professional care alone, to see if the device improves gum health. Participants will: * Receive professional cleaning and personalized instructions on how to keep their implant teeth clean at the start of the study. * Be placed by chance into one of two groups: usual care plus the home-use light device, or usual care alone. * Use the light device at home each day for 4 weeks (if in the device group) * Visit the clinic at the start, after 2 weeks, and after 4 weeks for gum checkups and to have bacteria samples taken.

This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of electroacupuncture combined with vacuum cupping therapy in treating simple periarthritis of the shoulder associated with the traditional medicine syndrome of Qi stagnation and blood stasis. Shoulder periarthritis is a common condition that causes pain, stiffness, and limited movement of the shoulder due to injury or inflammation of the muscles, tendons, ligaments, and surrounding soft tissues. It can interfere with daily activities such as dressing, lifting objects, sleeping, and working. Electroacupuncture is commonly used to relieve shoulder pain and improve shoulder function. Vacuum cupping therapy is another non-drug treatment that may help improve blood circulation, reduce muscle tightness, decrease pain, and improve mobility. However, there is currently limited evidence about whether combining electroacupuncture with vacuum cupping provides better results than electroacupuncture alone in patients with shoulder periarthritis and Qi stagnation-blood stasis syndrome. This study is being conducted to determine whether the combined treatment is more effective and safe. A total of 54 participants with simple shoulder periarthritis and Qi stagnation-blood stasis syndrome will be enrolled in the study. Participants will be randomly assigned to one of two groups: Group 1: treatment with electroacupuncture alone. Group 2: treatment with electroacupuncture combined with vacuum cupping therapy. All participants will also receive advice on shoulder exercises, posture, and daily activities to support recovery. Treatments will be performed by licensed traditional medicine practitioners. Each participant will take part in the study for two weeks. Assessments will be performed before treatment, after one week, and after two weeks. The study will evaluate: Pain intensity using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Shoulder pain and disability using the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI). Shoulder range of motion using the McGill-McRomi Range of Motion Index. Any side effects or unwanted events related to treatment. Possible benefits of participating in this study include reduced shoulder pain, improved movement and daily function, and close monitoring by health care professionals. Participants may also benefit from receiving non-drug therapies at no cost during the study period. The findings of this research may help improve future treatment options for patients with shoulder pain. Possible risks of electroacupuncture include mild pain at the needle site, minor bleeding, bruising, dizziness, or fainting. Possible risks of vacuum cupping include temporary discomfort, skin redness, bruising, or mild pain in the treated area. These side effects are usually mild and temporary. If any unexpected problem occurs, participants will receive prompt medical attention. Participation in this study is completely voluntary. Participants may refuse to join or may withdraw from the study at any time without affecting their usual medical care. All personal information collected during the study will remain confidential and will only be used for research purposes.

This randomized, open-label clinical trial will compare two bismuth-containing quadruple therapies for the first-line treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection. Adults aged 18 years or older with confirmed H. pylori infection who have not previously received eradication treatment will be randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive either a metronidazole-based regimen or a tinidazole-based regimen for 14 days. Both regimens will also include esomeprazole, tetracycline, and bismuth subcitrate. The main purpose of the study is to determine whether the tinidazole-based regimen is not inferior to the metronidazole-based regimen in achieving successful H. pylori eradication. Eradication will be assessed after treatment using a carbon-13 urea breath test or an endoscopic urease test. The study will also compare adverse effects and treatment tolerability between the two groups. The results may help clinicians select the more appropriate nitroimidazole for bismuth quadruple therapy in routine clinical practice.

Cervical spondylotic radiculopathy (CSR) is one of the most common manifestations of cervical spondylosis and is characterized by neck pain radiating to the upper extremities, sensory disturbances, restricted cervical range of motion, and functional disability. Conservative treatment is recommended as the first-line management for most patients, and electroacupuncture is widely used in Traditional Medicine to relieve pain and improve function. Cervical Huatuo Jiaji (EX-B2) acupuncture points are anatomically located adjacent to the cervical spinal nerve roots and may provide more targeted therapeutic effects than conventional meridian acupuncture points. Pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) therapy has also been used as an adjunctive physical modality to reduce pain and facilitate functional recovery. This randomized controlled trial aims to evaluate whether high-frequency electroacupuncture at cervical Huatuo Jiaji (EX-B2) points combined with PEMF therapy provides greater improvement in pain intensity, cervical function, and safety outcomes than conventional high-frequency electroacupuncture combined with PEMF therapy in patients with cervical spondylotic radiculopathy caused by cervical spondylosis. The primary outcome is pain intensity measured using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Secondary outcomes include cervical range of motion, Neck Disability Index (NDI), and treatment-related adverse events. Clinical outcomes will be assessed at baseline, after one week of treatment, and at the end of the two-week treatment period.

The goal of this clinical trial is to evaluate the surgical accuracy and healing outcomes of endodontic surgery performed with the assistance of a 3D-printed static surgical guide in patients requiring apicoectomy. The main questions it aims to answer are: 1. What is the level of positional and angular accuracy of the actual root-end resection compared to the virtual planning when utilizing a static surgical guide? 2. What are the postoperative pain and swelling levels reported by patients at 1, 3, and 7 days after undergoing guided endodontic surgery? 3. What are the clinical success rates and CBCT-based radiographic healing outcomes at 6 months postoperatively? Participants will: * Undergo a preoperative digital workflow combining CBCT data and intraoral surface scans to design a customized static surgical guide. * Undergo targeted endodontic surgery where a 4.5-mm trephine bur is guided through the static template to perform the osteotomy and a 3-mm root-end resection in a single step. * Receive retrograde root-end cavity preparation via ultrasonic tips and root-end filling using calcium aluminosilicate bioceramic paste (Well-Root PT). * Complete self-evaluation forms regarding pain and swelling on postoperative days 1, 3, and 7. * Return for follow-up examinations at 1 week (for suture removal) and at 6 months for definitive clinical evaluations, as well as follow-up multi-planar CBCT imaging to evaluate both periapical bone healing and surgical accuracy via superimposition with the baseline preoperative plan.

Cervical spondylosis is a prevalent health issue that significantly impacts quality of life, with Cervical Spondylotic Radiculopathy (CSR) accounting for 60-70% of cases * While modern medicine offers various treatments, the frequent use of painkillers often leads to undesirable side effects * In Traditional Chinese Medicine, electroacupuncture is a safe and effective method recognized by the Ministry of Health for treating this condition * The "Three-Needle Dazhui" technique is a specialized acupuncture method that simultaneously uses three needles at the Dazhui (GV14) point to strongly activate Yang Qi and dispel cold, making it particularly suitable for the Wind-Cold syndrome. This study aims to evaluate whether the combination of the Three-Needle Dazhui technique and electroacupuncture yields better results in pain reduction and functional improvement compared to electroacupuncture alone in patients with cervical spondylosis and Wind-Cold syndrome.

This observational patient registry aims to describe the clinical phenotypes and genetic findings of Vietnamese children with movement disorders of unknown etiology. Eligible participants are children with clinically confirmed movement disorders after evaluation by pediatric neurology specialists and after exclusion of clear acquired causes. The study will collect clinical data, neurological examination findings, available laboratory and imaging results, and video recordings of abnormal movements when consent is provided. Blood samples will be collected for whole-exome sequencing and related genetic analysis. Genetic variants will be classified according to accepted clinical genetics standards and compared with the patients' clinical phenotypes. The study is expected to improve understanding of the phenotypic and genotypic spectrum of pediatric movement disorders in Vietnam, support genetic counseling, and evaluate how genetic results may influence diagnosis, follow-up, prognosis, and treatment planning.

Post-stroke aphasia (PSA) is a prevalent and debilitating condition that significantly impairs communication, social participation, and quality of life, often leading to increased long-term healthcare costs and psychological burden. While speech therapy is the recommended standard of care, many patients face limitations in recovery, prompting exploration into integrative approaches. Traditional medicine, particularly electroacupuncture, has shown potential in enhancing neuro-functional recovery; however, further evidence is needed to optimize its integration with standard rehabilitative protocols. This study evaluates the clinical efficacy of electroacupuncture at the Xuanzhong (GB39) and Tongli (HT5) acupoints combined with standardized speech therapy, aiming to improve language outcomes and patient quality of life. The goal of this clinical trial is to evaluate the clinical efficacy of electroacupuncture at the Xuanzhong (GB39) and Tongli (HT5) acupoints combined with speech therapy in patients with post-stroke aphasia, aged 18 to 75. The main questions it aims to answer are: * Does electroacupuncture at the Xuanzhong and Tongli acupoints, combined with speech therapy and standard treatment, improve language recovery more effectively than the standard protocol alone, as measured by the BDAE and ART scales? * Does this combined approach significantly improve the quality of life (SAQOL-39) and correlate with functional language recovery in post-stroke patients? Researchers will compare the intervention group (electroacupuncture at Xuanzhong and Tongli combined with basic treatment and speech therapy) to a control group (electroacupuncture at other acupoints combined with basic treatment and speech therapy) to see if the specific acupoint combination enhances language rehabilitation. Participants will: * Undergo 4 weeks of electroacupuncture (once daily, 5 days per week) and speech therapy sessions. * Complete assessments of language function (BDAE, ART) and quality of life (SAQOL-39) at baseline, 2 weeks, 1 month, and 3 months. * Be monitored for any adverse effects, such as local pain, bleeding, bruising, or needle fainting, throughout the trial period.

The goal of this clinical trial is to learn if catgut embedding works to treat chronic low back pain in adults with lumbar spondylosis and "Blood Stasis" syndrome. The main questions it aims to answer are: Does catgut embedding lower back pain more effectively than electro-acupuncture? Does catgut embedding improve the daily physical activities of participants? Researchers will compare catgut embedding to electro-acupuncture to see which method works better to reduce pain and improve quality of life. All participants will also receive counseling on lifestyle changes and back exercises. Participants will: Be randomly assigned to receive either catgut embedding (2 sessions over 4 weeks) or electro-acupuncture (20 sessions over 4 weeks). Visit the clinic for treatments and checkups. Complete surveys about their pain levels and ability to perform daily tasks at the start, at 2 weeks, and at 4 weeks.

The purpose of this clinical trial is to evaluate the efficacy of auricular acupressure combined with an antihistamine (Loratadine) in treating patients diagnosed with Wind-Heat type urticaria. Participants will be randomly assigned to either the intervention group or the control group. The purpose of this clinical trial is to evaluate the efficacy of auricular acupressure combined with an antihistamine (Loratadine) in treating patients diagnosed with Wind-Heat type urticaria. Participants will be randomly assigned to either the intervention group or the control group. The main questions the study aims to answer are: * Does true auricular acupressure combined with Loratadine reduce urticaria symptoms (measured by the Urticaria Activity Score - UAS) more effectively than sham acupressure with Loratadine? * Does the intervention improve the patients' quality of life (measured by the Dermatology Life Quality Index - DLQI) better than the control treatment? * Are there any adverse effects associated with the auricular acupressure treatment during the intervention period? Participants will: * Take a standard daily dose of oral Loratadine (10mg). * Visit the clinic once a week for 4 weeks to have Vaccaria seed patches applied to their ear (either true therapeutic points or sham points, depending on their assigned group). * Self-stimulate the acupoints by pressing the patches for 1 to 2 minutes, 2 to 3 times a day at home. * Record their daily urticaria symptoms (wheals and pruritus) using the Urticaria Activity Score (UAS). * Complete the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) questionnaire at the beginning and at the end of the 4-week study period.

Neck pain is a highly prevalent condition, affecting 30% to 50% of the population, with cervical spondylosis accounting for up to 80% of these cases. The burden of cervical spondylosis continues to increase, leading to chronic mechanical pain, restricted mobility, and a significant socioeconomic impact. Treatment mainly includes non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), physical therapy, and traditional medicine therapies such as massage and acupuncture. Jin's Three-Needle technique (specifically Cervical Three-Needle targeting Dazhu, Tianzhu, and Bailao acupoints) is a specialized acupuncture method created by Professor Jin Rui, demonstrating therapeutic effectiveness in improving local circulation and relieving neck pain. Recent studies have shown that acupuncture effectively manages pain in cervical spondylosis, especially for the Blood Stasis syndrome. Additionally, combining these specific acupoints with standard electroacupuncture and active movement exercises plays an essential role in alleviating pain and restoring cervical spine function. In practice, many practitioners apply Jin's Three-Needle technique to treat cervical spondylosis with considerable effectiveness, though it has not been thoroughly evidence-based in Vietnam for the Blood Stasis syndrome. Given the limitations in evaluating treatment effectiveness and the lack of published research discussing the analgesic effects of Jin's Three-Needle technique for this specific syndrome in Vietnam , the investigators conducted the study to evaluate the pain reduction and range of motion improvement of Jin's Three-Needle technique combined with electroacupuncture in patients with cervical spondylosis with blood stasis syndrome.

This study aims to compare the wound healing efficacy and postoperative experiences between the 940 nm diode laser technique and the traditional electrosurgery method for treating ankyloglossia (tongue-tie) in children aged 3 to 6 years. Participants are randomly assigned to one of two groups: Experimental Group - Patients undergo lingual frenectomy using a 940 nm diode laser and Active Comparator Group - Patients undergo the procedure using conventional high-frequency electrosurgery. The study evaluates several key outcomes at multiple intervals (24 hours, 3 days, 1 week, and 1 month post-surgery), including: (1) Wound Healing: Measured by the Early Wound Healing Score (EHS); (2) Pain Levels: Assessed using the Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale; (3) Bleeding Control: Evaluation of intraoperative bleeding; (4) Tongue Mobility: Measurement of free tongue length according to Kotlow's classification. The goal is to determine if the diode laser provides superior healing, less pain, and better bleeding control compared to electrosurgery.

This study was designed as a randomized controlled trial (RCT) with a multicenter, single-blind methodology. Participants diagnosed with insomnia attributable to the Heart-Spleen Deficiency pattern, receiving treatment at the Ho Chi Minh City Hospital of Traditional Medicine and Hospital 1A, were randomly allocated into two groups.

The goal of this clinical trial is to learn the effects of the "Xuong tan lac than" exercise on range of motion and muscle endurance in healthy volunteers. The main questions it aims to answer are: * Does practicing the "Xuong tan lac than" exercise improve joint range of motion (cervical spine, lumbar spine, shoulder, elbow, wrist, knee, and ankle)? * Does the exercise improve muscle endurance around these joints? Participants will: * Perform the "Xuong tan lac than" exercise for 12 weeks (5 days per week, once daily). * Be trained to perform the exercise correctly before starting the intervention. * Undergo assessments of joint range of motion and muscle endurance at baseline and after 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks.

Immediate implant placement in the esthetic zone is often associated with buccal bone deficiency, which may compromise esthetic outcomes and long-term implant stability. Autogenous bone graft harvested from the maxillary tuberosity provides corticocancellous bone with favorable biological properties and may help reconstruct the buccal bone plate during immediate implant placement. This prospective case series aims to evaluate the clinical and esthetic outcomes of immediate implant placement combined with autogenous maxillary tuberosity graft in the esthetic zone. The primary outcomes include buccal bone thickness measured on cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), facial soft tissue thickness measured clinically, and the pink esthetic score (PES) after implant restoration.

This study aims to evaluate the antibacterial effects of injectable platelet-rich fibrin (i-PRF) in vitro, and to assess the clinical and radiographic outcomes of using advanced platelet-rich fibrin (A-PRF+) and i-PRF in regenerative endodontic treatment of mature permanent teeth with necrotic pulp. The study will compare the effectiveness of PRF-based treatment with conventional blood clot-based regenerative endodontics.