High Altitude

To study the effect of a re-ascent to high altitude (Quito Ecuador: 2850m) after a one-week stay at sea level (after prior descent from 2850m) on lung function and pulmonary resistance/reactance in patients with pulmonary arterial disease PAH, who live permanently \> 2600m.

To study the effect of relocation from high altitude (Quito: 2850m) to sea level on six-minute walking distance and scores in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension PAH, who live permanently \>2600m.

To study the effect of a re-ascent after a one-week stay at sea level (after prior descent from 2850m) to high altitude (Quito Ecuador: 2850m) on pulmonary resistance (sPAP/CO) and other hemodynamic outcomes in healthy individuals, who live permanently \>2600m.

To study the effect of a re-ascent after a one-week stay at sea level (after prior descent from 2850m) to high altitude (Quito Ecuador: 2850m) on pulmonary resistance (sPAP/CO) and other hemodynamic outcomes in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension PAH, who live permanently \>2600m.

To study the effect of relocation from high altitude (Quito Ecuador: 2850m) to sea level on pulmonary resistance (sPAP/CO) and other hemodynamic outcomes in healthy individuals, who live permanently \>2600m.

To study the effect of a re-ascent to high altitude (Quito Ecuador: 2850m) after a one-week stay at sea level (after prior descent from 2850m) on lung function and pulmonary resistance/reactance in healthy individuals, who live permanently \> 2600m.

To study the effect of relocation from high altitude (Quito Ecuador: 2850m) to sea level on pulmonary resistance (sPAP/CO) and other hemodynamic outcomes in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension PAH, who live permanently \>2600m.

To study the effect of relocation from high altitude (Quito Ecuador: 2850m) to sea level and re-ascent from sea level to 2850m on heart rate variability and other hemodynamic parameters in healthy individuals, who live permanently \>2600m.

To study the effect of relocation from high altitude (Quito Ecuador: 2850m) to sea level and re-ascent from sea level to 2850m on heart rate variability and other hemodynamic parameters in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension PAH, who live permanently \>2600m.

To study the effect of relocation from high altitude (Quito Ecuador: 2850m) to sea level on sleeping parameters by polygraphy in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension PAH, who live permanently \>2600m.

To study the effect of relocation from high altitude (Quito Ecuador: 2850m) to sea level on sleeping parameters by polygraphy in healthy individuals, who live permanently \>2600m.

To study the effect of descent from high altitude (Quito Ecuador: 2850m) to sea level on six-minute walking distance and scores in healthy individuals, who live permanently \>2600m.

To study the effect of a re-ascent after a one-week stay at sea level (after prior descent from 2850m) to high altitude (Quito Ecuador: 2850m) on six-minute walking distance and other scores in healthy individuals, who live permanently \>2600m.

To study the effect of a re-ascent after a one-week stay at sea level (after prior descent from 2850m) to high altitude (Quito Ecuador: 2850m) on six-minute walking distance and other scores in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension PAH, who live permanently \>2600m.

Over the last 20 years, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has been used to support adult patients with respiratory or cardiac failure who are unlikely to survive conventional treatment methods. ECMO circuit, pump, and oxygenator technology improvements permit safer perfusion for extended periods. The prolonged use of an ECMO circuit increases the risk of membrane lung (ML) dysfunction. The ML is responsible for taking in oxygen and removing carbon dioxide. The non-biologic surface of the ML triggers inflammatory and coagulation pathways, resulting in the formation of blood clots, breakdown of fibrin, and activation of white blood cells, which ultimately leads to ML dysfunction. Coagulation and fibrinolysis activation can cause systemic coagulopathy or hemolysis, and the deposition of blood clots can block blood flow. Moreover, the accumulation of moisture in the gas phase and the buildup of protein and cellular debris in the blood phase may contribute to shunt and dead-space physiology, respectively, impairing the exchange of gases. These three categories-hematologic abnormalities, mechanical obstruction, and inadequate gas exchange-account for most ML exchanges. Worsening oxygenation during ECMO should prompt quantification of oxygen transfer. ML exchange is indicated when the ML can no longer meet the patient's oxygen demand. The partial pressure of Post-ML arterial oxygen less than 200 mmHg is the most important consideration in this decision. In some high-altitude regions of China, ECMO treatment is also routinely conducted. The experiences above are derived from low-altitude areas, and whether they apply in high-altitude regions is still being determined. This study aimed to explore the significantly lower membrane lung oxygen uptake in high-altitude regions compared to low-altitude areas.

By using wearable devices to monitor and record the physiological data changes and health outcomes (incidence and severity of high-altitude illnesses) of high-altitude migrants at different stages (pre-entry, acute/chronic high-altitude phases, and de-acclimatization phase), and referencing previous cohort studies on high-altitude populations, the study aims to provide a basis for developing personalized health assessment protocols for high-altitude migrants. The formulated assessment protocols and standards will then be validated.

This study will focus on orthopedic surgery patients from high-altitude regions, utilizing smart wearables and monitoring tools to gather perioperative data, including heart rate, oxygen saturation, sleep quality, stress levels, and other relevant metrics. Regular follow-ups will assess recovery and complications, in addition to collecting medical records, lab results, imaging data, and other pertinent records. The ultimate goal is to establish a comprehensive follow-up cohort of orthopedic surgery patients from high-altitude areas.